Canada's History Flashcards
What was the name given to the differing Aboriginal Peoples, when European settlers first encountered them?
The European settlers called the Aboriginal Peoples “Indians”
Name some of the various ways that some Aboriginal Peoples lived off of the land?
a) The Huron-Wendat & The Iroquois peoples were Farmers and Hunters
b) The Cree and Dene peoples were Hunter-Gatherers
d) The Sioux were nomadic, following Bison Herds
e) The Inuit lived off of Arctic wildlife
f) The West Coast Natives lived off of fish that they preserved by Drying and Smoking techniques.
Who were the first Europeans to settle on land that later became Canada?
The Vikings
Where did the name “Canada” originate from?
Canada originated from the Iroquoian words “Kanata”, meaning “Village”
In what year did European exploration of Canada begin?
1497
When was the first European settlement north of Florida established?
1604
In what year was the first European settlement north of Florida established?
1) 1604
What are the name(s) of the explorer(s) who founded the first European settlements?
Pierre de Monts
Samuel de Champlain
Where were the first European settlements located? (current name and historic names required)
St. Croix Island. In present-day Maine
Port Royal, in Acadia. In present day Nova Scotia
In which region of Canada did Samuel de Champlain build a fortress?
Central Canada
What is the present-day name of the area that Samuel de Champlain’s fortress was built in.
Quebec City
With whom, did Samuel de Champlain create alliances with?
The Algonquin People
The Montagnais People
The Huron People
Who was the enemy of the alliance brokered by Samuel de Champlain?
The Iroquois
How long was the Iroquois and the French at war for?
Approximately a Century
What did King Charles II of England do for the Hudson’s Bay Company?
King Charles II granted the Hudson’s Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed draining into the Hudson Bay.
In which century did the battle for North America, Between Britain and France, begin?
In the 1700’s
Who was the commander leading the British forces during the battle for North America?
Brigadier James Wolfe
What is the modern name for the “New France” colony?
The Province of Quebec
What are the 2 names is given to French-speaking Catholics, whom strive to preserve their way of life in an English-speaking Protestant ruled British Empire
Habitants or Canadiens
What is the name of the act that allowed religious freedom for Catholics, and also allowed Catholics to hold public office?
The Quebec Act
What was the name given to the 40,000 people who remained loyal to the crown during the American revolution in 1776?
The group were known as “The Loyalists”
What was the name of the person who lead Loyalist Mohawk Indians into Canada?
Joseph Brant
How many Black Loyalists fled the American Revolution?
Approximately 3000 Black Loyalists
During the development of Democratic institutions within Canada, where were the first 3 representative assemblies elected?
Nova Scotia (Halifax), Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick.
What territorial changes occurred as a result of the Constitutional Act of 1791?
The Province of Quebec was divided into “Upper Canada” and “Lower Canada”
In what year was Slavery abolished in the Canadas?
Upper Canada abolished slavery in 1793
Lower Canada never directly abolished slavery, the British Parliament abolished slavery throughout the British Empire in 1833.
What is the name of the company that ended up dominating the fur trade?
The Hudson’s Bay Company
Which 2 countries were involved in the war of 1812?
The United States of America, and Canada
What was the reason behind the armed rebellions in 1837 - 1838?
The rebellions were due to a group of reformers in both Upper and Lower Canada believing that the progress towards full democracy was too slow. Some also wanted to adopt American republican values and even join the United States of America.
Who was Lord Durham
Lord Durham was an English reformer, sent to report on the rebellions of 1837 - 1838
Who are “The fathers of confederation?
The Fathers of confederation were representatives of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the province of Canada.
What provinces were present when the Dominion of Canada was formed?
The province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia
Before it was known as “Canada Day”, what was this national holiday known as?
Dominion Day
Who was it that suggested the name “Dominion of Canada”?
Sir Leonard Tilley
Describe order of expansion of the Dominion of Canada’s provinces and/or territories
1867 - Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. (with Ontario and Quebec forming from the old province of Canada)
1870 - Manitoba, the NorthWest Territories
1871 - British Columbia
1873 - Prince Edward Island
1880 - Arctic Islands transferred to the N.W.T
1898 - Yukon Territory
1905 - Alberta, Saskatchewan
1949 - Newfoundland and Labrador
1999 - Nunavut (when separating away from the N.W.T)
Who was the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada?
Sir John Alexander Macdonald
Who was Sir George-Etienne Cartier?
Sir George-Etienne Cartier was a Railway lawyer from Montreal, Quebec. He was a patriotic Canadien. He later became one of the Fathers of Confederation.
Who was Louis Riel?
Louis Riel was a politician, founder of Manitoba, and political representative for the metis people in the 1800’s
What was established by Sir John A. Macdonald, after the Metis uprising lead by Louis Riel?
Sir John A. Macdonald established the North West Mounted Police (NWMP)
What was promised to British Columbia by Ottawa if they were to join Canada?
Ottawa promised to build a railway to the west coast.
who was Donald Smith?
Donald Smith (also known as Lord Strathcona) was a Scottish-born Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway. He was the one who drove in the last spike, completing the Canadian Pacific Railway.
What happened to the Chinese workers, after the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed?
The Chinese were subjected to discrimination, such as the “Head Tax” - a fee targeted at Chinese Immigrants whom are attempting to enter Canada.
Who was Sir Wilfrid Laurier?
Sir Wilfrid Laurier was the first French-Canadian prime minister since Confederation.
How many Canadians volunteered to fight in the South African War of 1899 - 1902?
Over 7000 Canadians.
Who was the founder of Women’s Suffrage in Canada?
Dr Emily Stowe was the founder of Women’s Suffrage in Canada.
In what year did Sir Robert Borden, 8th Prime minister of Canada give women the right to vote in federal elections?
In 1917
Who was Agnes Macphail?
Agnes Macphail was a farmer and teacher
What day is Remembrance Day?
November 11th (same is the UK)
In what year was the Bank of Canada created?
The Bank of Canada was created in 1934.
During the first 2 world wars, what happened to Canada’s immigration, and their associated policies?
Immigration numbers dropped during the First and Second World Wars. Many refugees were also turned away, including Jewish refugees attempting to flee Nazi Germany in 1939
Name some of the biggest skirmishes / invasions during the 2nd world war that Canadian troops were involved in, also what year did they take place?
The Liberation of Italy, from 1943 to 1944
D-Day (The invasion of Normandy), June 6th 1944
The Liberation of the Netherlands, from 1944 to 1945
Forcing the German surrender, May 8th 1945
How many Canadians fought in the Second World War?
More than 1,000,000 Canadians and Newfoundlanders (At the time Newfoundland was a separate British Entity)
Name some skirmishes that Canada lost in the Second World War?
The defense of Hong Kong from Imperial Japan, in 1941 Canada attempted (and failed) a raid on Nazi-controlled Dieppe on the coast of France, in 1942
What role did the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) play in the battle of the Atlantic during the Second World War?
The RCN protected conveys of merchant ships from German U-boats.
Were there any attacks on Canadian soil during the Second World War?
A Lighthouse was attacked in Vancouver
Fire balloons were launched over British Columbia, and the prairies
Were there any reactionary policies put in place by the Canadian government during the Second World War?
The Canadian government forcibly relocated any Canadians of Japanese origin, and also sold their property without compensation. This happened even though the Canadian military and RCMP told Ottawa that they posed little danger to Canada.
Why were the Aboriginal Peoples given the name ‘Indian’ by the European settlers after they first encountered each other?
The Aboriginal peoples were called ‘Indians’ by the European settlers because they believed they had arrived at the West Indies.
Where did the Vikings settle when they arrived in Canada?
Newfoundland and Labrador.
How long ago did the Vikings settle in Canada?
Approximately 1000 years ago, they also colonized Greenland
What is the name of the world heritage site which preserves the remains of the Viking settlement?
l’Anse aux Meadows
Who was the first European explorer to draw a map of Canada’s East Coast?
John Cabot
During 1534 and 1542, who had made 3 separate voyages across the Atlantic to claim land in Canada?
Jacques Cartier
Who was Jacques Cartier claiming the land for, after making 3 separate voyages across the Atlantic to Canada?
King Francis I of France.
What are the name(s) of the French explorers to establish settlements North of Florida?
Pierre de Monts & Samuel de Champlain
Where were the settlements established by French Explorers Pierre de Monts, and Samuel de Champlain? (Provide the name of the area at the time of settlement and also provide their present day name)
1) Historic Name = St. Croix Island
Present Day Name = Maine
2) Historic Name = Port Royal, In Acadia.
Present Day Name = Nova Scotia
In what year did the Iroquois and the French make peace with each other after being at war for approximately a century?
1701
In what year did King Charles II of England give the Hudson’s Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed draining into the Hudson Bay?
In 1670
In what year did the British defeat the French in the Battle for North America?
In 1759
What was the name of the final battle in the Battle for North America?
the Battle of the plains of Abraham
Where did the ‘Battle of the plains of Abraham’ take place?
Quebec City
Who was the commander leading the French forces during the battle for North America?
Marquis de Montcalm
What happened to both commanders of the British and French forces during the Battle of North America?
Both Brigadier James Wolfe of England, and Marquis de Montcalm of France perished in battle.
What year was ‘The Quebec Act’ implemented?
1774
What was the ultimate reason for ‘The Quebec Act’ being implemented?
‘The Quebec Act’ was implemented as a means to govern the French Roman Catholic Majority, whom dwelled in the Province of Quebec. It restored French civil law while maintaining British criminal law.
Where did ‘The Loyalists’ settle after fleeing the American revolution?
‘The Loyalists’ settled in Quebec and Nova Scotia.
What ethnicities made up the Loyalist Mohawk Indians that were lead in to Canada by Joseph Brant?
Dutch, German, British, Scandenavian, Aboriginal, and many others.
What were the religious backgrounds of the Loyalist Mohawk Indians that were lead in to Canada by Joseph Brant?
Presbyterian, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Jewish, Quaker, and Catholic
Some of the black loyalists in Nova Scotia, whom had been given poor land, decided to relocate elsewhere. Where did they go?
They relocated to Freetown, Sierra Leone, in West Africa. It was a new British Colony for freed slaves.
In what year did the Black Loyalists, whom had been given poor land in Nova Scotia, relocate elsewhere?
1792
In what years were the first 3 representative assemblies elected during the development of Democratic Institutions in Canada?
Nova Scotia - 1758
Prince Edward Island - 1773
New Brunswick - 1785
What was the reason for the changes that occurred as a result of the Constitutional Act of 1791?
What was the reason for the changes that occurred as a result of the Constitutional Act of 1791?
What institutional changes occurred as a result of the Constitutional Act of 1791?
The Constitutional Act also allowed legislative assemblies, elected by the people, to govern both of the Canadas. The name “Canada” was made official at this time, and has been used ever since.
What was the name of the 2 Canada’s when referenced collectively?
“British North America”
who was responsible for abolishing slavery in Upper Canada?
Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, a Loyalist military officer
What year did the British Parliament prohibit the buying and selling of slaves?
1807
In which centuries did the first financial institutions open in Canada?
in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
What has been Canada’s economy been based on over the centuries
For centuries, Canada’s economy has been based on Farming, and the export of natural resources such as Fur, Fish, and Timber.
What was the cause of the war of 1812?
The American’s resented the British interfering with their shipping networks whilst at war with Napoleon Bonaparte up until 1805. in June of 1812 America launched an invasion in to Canada, believing it would be easy to conquer.
What was the outcome of the war of 1812?
The war ended in 1814 with America admitting defeat, the modern day USA / Canada border was established, and Canada remained independent of the United States.
Were the armed rebellions in 1837 - 1838 successful?
No, the rebels did not have enough public support to succeed.
What happened after the rebellions in 1837 - 1838?
A number of rebels were hanged or exiled; some of which eventually returned to Canada.
What did the fathers of confederation achieve?
The fathers of confederation, with the support from the British, worked together to establish a new country. The country was known as “The Dominion of Canada”.
What happened to the old province of Canada during the formation of the Dominion of Canada?
It was divided into 2 provinces - Ontario and Quebec.
In what year was the Dominion of Canada formed?
Whilst the process of forming the Dominion of Canada started in 1864, it was not finalized until July 1st 1867
What act was passed by the British Parliament, making the Dominion of Canada official?
The British North America Act 1867
How long was “Canada Day” previously known as “Dominion Day” for?
115 years, from 1867 until 1982
Who was Sir Leonard Tilley?
He was an elected official for New Brunswick, and one of the Fathers of Confederation.
Where did Sir Leonard Tilley get their inspiration for the name “Dominion of Canada” from?
Psalm 72 in the bible, which contains the phrase “Dominion from sea to sea and from the river to the ends of the earth.”
What day has Parliament recognized as Sir John A. Macdonald Day?
January 11th
What value of currency contains Sir John Alexander Macdonald’s portrait?
The $10 bill
Who was Sir George-Etienne Cartier a close ally of?
Sir John A. Macdonald
Which provinces and/or territories did Sir George-Etienne Cartier lead into Confederation?
Quebec
N.W.T
Manitoba
British Columbia
What is Sir George Etienne Cartier described as, due to his work with Confederation?
He is described as one of the key architects of Confederation.
What did Louis Riel do?
Louis Riel lead an armed uprising against the Canadian government and its first prime minister Sir John A. Macdonald
Why did Louis Riel lead an armed uprising against the Canadian Government and Sir John A. Macdonald as Prime Minister?
The armed uprising was in response to the vast northwest region of Canada being taken over from the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1869, without consulting with the 12,000 Red River metis during the take over.
What was the end result of the armed uprising that Louis Riel lead?
Louis Riel seized Fort Garry, the territorial capital at the time. Ottawa sent soldiers to re-take Fort Garry in 1870, leading to Riel fleeing to the United States. He lead a second rebellion in 1885, in present-day Saskatchewan, where he was captured, tried, and executed for high treason - a decision strongly opposed in Quebec.
What is Louis Riel known as, even to this day.
Louis Riel is seen by many as a hero, a defender of Metis rights, and the father of Manitoba.
In what year was the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) established?
In 1873
What was the intention of the North West Mounted Police (NWMP)?
“to pacify the west, and assist in negotiations with the Indians”.
Where were the headquarters of the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) established?
In Regina
What is the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) known as today?
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
What is a common nickname of Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)?
“The Mounties”
What was the name of the project Ottawa promised to build for British Columbia if they joined Canada?
The Canadian Pacific Railway
When was the promise to build ‘The Canadian Pacific Railway” fulfilled by Ottawa?
The Project was completed on November 7th 1885
What ethnicities were the majority of the workers involved in “The Canadian Pacific Railway” project?
The majority of the workforce was made up by Chinese and European workers.
How have things changed since the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed?
The Canadian government issued an apology for the Chinese “Head Tax” in 2006.
What were some of Sir Wilfrid’s achievements?
Sir Wilfried Laurier encouraged immigration to the West, using the Canadian Pacific Railway. The railway made it possible for 170,000 Ukrainians, 115,000 Poles, and 10’s of thousands of immigrants from Germany, France, Norway, and Sweden to settle in the West and develop a thriving agricultural sector.
What currency does Sir Wilfrid Laurier’s portrait appear on
The $5 bill.
What is another name for the South African War of 1899 - 1902?
The Boer War
How many Canadian fatalities were there in the South African War of 1899 - 1902, Also known as the Boer War?
Over 260 Canadians died during the Boer war.
What province was first to grant voting rights to women?
Manitoba.
In what year did Manitoba, the first province to grant voting rights to women, grant said rights to women?
In 1916.
Were there any initial restrictions on women’s rights to vote in Federal elections, when they were given in 1917?
yes, the right to vote in federal elections was initially given to nurses at the battlefront, then to women related to men in active wartime service.
When were all women aged 21 years or older allowed to vote in federal elections?
in 1918.
In what year did Quebec grant women the right to vote?
In 1940.
What made Agnes Macphail part of Canada’s history?
in 1921, Agnes was the first woman MP.
What do Canadian citizens do to honour the brave men and women who have fought and died for Canada on Remembrance Day?
Canadian citizens wear red poppies, and observe a moment of silence.
When is the moment of silence observed on Remembrance Day?
At the 11th hour, of the 11th day, of the 11th month of each year.
What was the Bank of Canada created in response to?
It was created to manage Canada’s money supply, and bring stability to the Canadian financial system.
What was the ratio of Canadian troops in the allies forces during the D-Day invasion of Normandy?
15,000 Canadians were part of the allies force during the D-Day invasion, a ratio of approximately 1:10 allied soldiers was a Canadian.
What was Canada’s population at the time of the Second World War?
11,500,000, approximately 10% of the population served in the Second World War.
How many Canadian fatalities were there in the Second World War?
44,000 Canadians lost their lives in the Second World War.
How many of the Allied Air Crew were trained in Canada during the Second World War?
Over 130,000 Allied air crew trained in Canada, under the “British Commonwealth Air Training Plan”
What role did Canada’s merchant navy play in the Second World War?
The merchant navy helped to feed, clothe, and resupply Britain.
At the end of the Second World War, how large was Canada’s navy when compared to the rest of the world?
Canada had the 3rd largest navy at the end of the 2nd world war.
Who lead the attacks on Canadian Soil? and for what war?
Japan lead the attacks, as part of the Pacific war, which was part of the Second World War.
Were there any additional incidents relating to the Second World War?
Canadian prisoners of war, who were captured during the failed defense of Hong Kong, were grossly mistreated at the hands of the Japanese.
What did the Canadian government do for any still living victims of the forced relocation of Canadians of Japanese origin, and subsequent selling of their property without compensation, during the Second World War?
The Canadian government apologized and compensated any victims still alive.
In what year did the Canadian government apologize to any still living victims of the forced relocation of Canadians of Japanese origin during the Second World War?
in 1988.
What was the reason for the changes that occurred as a result of the Constitutional Act of 1791?
Upper Canada had a mainly Loyalist, Protestant, and English speaking population. Whereas Lower Canada had a mainly French speaking, Catholic population.
What institutional changes occurred as a result of the Constitutional Act of 1791?
The Constitutional Act allowed legislative assemblies, elected by the people, to govern both of the Canadas. The name “Canada” was made official at this time, and has been used ever since.
What was the name of the 2 Canada’s when referenced collectively?
“British North America”
In which centuries did the first financial institutions open in Canada?
in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
What has been Canada’s economy been based on over the centuries
For centuries, Canada’s economy has been based on Farming, and the export of natural resources such as Fur, Fish, and Timber.
What was the recommendation made by Lord Durham?
He recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be merged and given responsible government.
What did Lord Durham believe to be the fastest way to achieve progress
He believed the quickest way to achieve progress towards merging the Canadas was to have the Canadiens assimilate into an English-speaking, protestant culture. This demonstrated his “complete lack of understanding of French Canadians, who sought to uphold the distinct identity of French Canada”
Were there any initial restrictions on women’s rights to vote in Federal elections, when they were given in 1917?
yes, the right to vote in federal elections was initially given to nurses at the battlefront, then to women related to men in active wartime service.
When were all women aged 21 years or older allowed to vote in federal elections?
in 1918.
In what year did Quebec grant women the right to vote?
Quebec gave women the right to vote in 1940.
What was Canada’s population at the time of the Second World War?
11,500,000, approximately 10% of the population served in the Second World War.
How many Canadian fatalities were there in the Second World War?
44,000 Canadians lost their lives in the Second World War.
