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Loosing and gaining an empire > Canada > Flashcards

Canada Flashcards

1
Q

What was political system like (top to bottom)

A

Governor
Appoints executive/ legislative council
- Family compact maintained control of councils, reluctant to change constitution that might loosen frip on power

P O L I T I C A L B A R R I E R
Legislative assembly responsible to voters
COuncil could block any laws passed though

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2
Q

What was the land system in Lower canada

A

Seigneur
land granted to seigneur (landlord) who would then give land grants to tenents to maintain the farm

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3
Q

Quebec Act

A

1774
Religious freedoms to French canadians guaranteed, french laws maintained in civil matters

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4
Q

Patriotes

A

Sought political reform to proect french identities

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5
Q

Tensions in Lower Canada parliament (4)

A

French canadians attachment to culture formed political block in assembly, quick to oppose any move by Chateau Clique

1822 proposed uniting canadas- quick opposition

French majority refused to vote money for payment of officials

Gov Dalhousie refused to accept patriot leader as speaker of house to prorogued assembky

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6
Q

Short term causes of the revolt in Upper canada? (4)

A
  1. Radical reformers
  2. Immigration
  3. Actions of Governors
  4. 1836 Election
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7
Q

How did Radical reformers cause the revolt in upper canada?

A

BaldwinL protested in London for removal of executibe council

MackenzieL Newspaper attacked by Family compact which aided reputation. Looked to US to seek independence,
led to abortive rebellion 1837

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8
Q

How did Immigration cause the revolt in upper canada?

A

Irish immigrants- v poor
Britain implemented Ops Township Scheme to provide temp shelters/ gov supplies

Reformers: objected to costs/ lack of consolutation with legislative assembly

Family COmpact: objected rise of immigrants who were unlikely to support their control

angry britain not listening

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9
Q

How did actions of governors cause the revolt in upper canada?

A

Colborne: Bypassed Leg Assembly by using tax revenues to pay officials/ set up english preparatory school instead of uni
Used income to firmly establish anglican church

HeadL Invited some moderates into executive committe then forced tgem out when they complained they hadnt been consulted
1836 election campaigned against reformers

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10
Q

Impact of 1836 election in cause the revolt in upper canada?

A

Head campaigned againt reformers, removing them from leg assembly
Refomers had no legal means to influence gov

Then Members from Legislative assembly prevented from ever serving on executive council so Family compact kept hold on gov

Rebellion only option

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11
Q

3 long term causes of rebellion in Upper Canada

A
  1. Political problems
  2. social problems
  3. Economic problems
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12
Q

how did political problems cause the rebellion in upper Canada?

A

Elected assembly basically had no power
Family COmpact used power to benefit themselbes
Avoided consulting assembly over money by selling land and using revenue to pay officials

ENtrenched Oligarchy- adherence to Anglicamn CHurch
Council could block laws

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13
Q

How did social problems cause the rebellion in upper Canada?

A

More non-conformers than anglicans yet anglicans held considerable influence- allocated clergy reserves

Migrants arriving demanding more political power

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14
Q

How did economic problems cause the rebellion in upper Canada?

A

Small population meant tax revenues low, insufficient money to reinvest in infrastructure

Instead of working with legislative assembly to raise taxes, got attempted to raise revenues by sidestepping them and denying the opportunity to influence province spending

Reformers unable to influence gov by refusing to vote money to pay salaries

Howick Act

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15
Q

Short-term causes of revolt in Lower Canada?

A

The patriots

Immigration

Economic problems

Godford COmmisison 1835

Russell Resolutions 1837

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16
Q

How did the patriots cause the revolt in Lower Canada?

A

Papineau committed to the retention of french culture/ nationalism
Adopted an uncompromising attitude to British, especially over financial matters

1834 92 Resolutions demanded constitutional change (Not Independence)

17
Q

How did immigration cause the revolt in Lower Canada?

A

Rising immigration led to greater pressure on land as agriculture stagnated

The Cholera Epidemic of 1832 led to great suffering
-speculation British gov tryna kill French Canadians off

Belief british gov was trying to overwhelm them through immigration

18
Q

How did economic problems cause the revolt in Lower Canada?

A

Papineau patriot party won more support from the poorer classes

Frustration over Howick Act 1831

19
Q

How did the Gosford COmmision cause the revolt in Lower Canada?

A

1835
Commission set up to investigate grievances
Head released that the commission had no actual intention of introducing significant constitutional change

Caused outcry in LC

Reports didnt address key issues raised by patriots

20
Q

How did the Russell Resolutions cause the revolt in Lower Canada?

A

1837
Rejected all 92 resolutions

Also announces state governors could use public funds without the consent of assemblies

Widespread unrest- boycotts etc
Frustrated nationalism

21
Q

Evidence the rebellion WAS a threat in Upper Canada

A

40,000 may have joined the Hunters lodge secret society against the gov

At least 1000 supporters at peak

Secret societies, violent raids from US carried on after end

22
Q

Evnidence the rebellion WASNT a threat in Upper Canads

A

December 1837 1000 men gathered for 4 days but were unclear about objectives

5th Dec- 100s Poorly armed/ organised revels but fled in small gunfire with British in a state of confusion

Only lasted from December- January

British constantly defeated rebels
Suppression was effective

23
Q

Evidence the rebellion WAS a threat on Lower Canada

A

Had to suspend constitution/ martial law in Montreal

British knew they had to reorganise Canada in a way that the French-Canadians could no longer command a majority in any assembly, whilst also reining in the Chateau Clique who undeniably contributed to the situation

Lasted 3 monthgs byt sustained actions over a longer period

over 4000 rebels with more sympathisers

secret sociieties carries on after

24
Q

Evidence rebellion in lower canada WASNT a threat?

A

Rebel leaders fled to US

Britain able to suppress it with military action

Easily defeated in battle

Attempted 2nd rebellion in Novemeber but eaisly suppressed

25
Q

Durhams role as High commissiomer

A

Sent to investigate political situation after the rebellion

-Melbourne no intention of including him in his gov as had no intention to embark on further political reform

His prominence/ abilities meant he had to be given some role

26
Q

What did Durham actually do whilst in Canada

A

Consulted widely with population, publically discounred views of those who previosuly held power in tight grip

Removed old executive council in LC and temporarily replaced withh his own staff

Actions sabilised the political situation temporarily

27
Q

Why did Durham resign?

A

Took it upon himself to pardon the majority of rebels but banished the most serious to Bermuda

Brougham made it controversial to undermine gov as he wouldnt be put in cabinet
Durham technically breached international law as acting like monarch

Led to Proposal of Bill of Indemnity declaring Durhams actions as illegal to destabilise Melbournes gov

LEd to resignation as Melbourne wouldnt support actiomns

28
Q

Actions of Wakefield

A

COncluded the system of free land grants should be change- his work in Canada influences actions in New Zealand

Devised Systematic colonisation: Land given to immigrants at a higher price as would benefit colonies’ economy

recommendations on taxing wild land not acted on

29
Q

Actions of Buller

A

Sympathetic to French canadians

Felt it was British policy that drove them to revolt

His idea to banish small group to bermuda

30
Q

WHat were the recomendations in Durhams Report?

A
  1. Unificaton to ensure French canadians were in minority position )they caused rebellion)
  2. recoke Quebec act, espcially freedoms relation to civil law/ land tenure to promote econ growth in the colony
  3. Responsible self Gov- legislative assembly elected but party with majority would exercise it through cabinet

Governor only a figure head

31
Q

Importance of Durham report (In Canada and Wider world)

A

Unification implemented

Self-government

Removed possible threat of US republicanism spreading

Responsible self-gov eventually granted to all white British majority colonies

Loosing and gaining an empire (6 decks)

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