Australia

Question 1

COncerns with initial settlement (5)

Answer 1

1. Other empires colonising nearby
2. No Ploughs/ draft animals
3. Aboriginals didnt respond with kindness
4. Concerns over how to keep settlement progressing- had to promise land
5. No internal market meant universal reliance on gov supplies

Question 2

Philips successes in his first 2 years

Answer 2

1. Thoroughly prepare for journey led to high level of survival- only 3% died
2. Established 2nd colony at Norfolk Island: potential flax-making/ trading post and the removal of 183 convicts meant rations ensured survival
3. Inisted rations be shared equally- meant no riots
4. Settled in Parramatta to give land to former convicts to support themselves and get off gov supplies

Question 3

How did the 2nd fleet 1790 help and what did philip do after?

Answer 3

Increased chance of survival and brought vital livestock/ crops

Philip further dispatched ship to buy rice which helped make supplies last longer

Question 4

6 key Macquarie developments

Answer 4

1.Removal of NSW corps
2. Support for emancipists
3. Religion - evangelical christian
4. Limited consumption of alcohol
5. Public works/ economy
6.Aboriginal treatment

Question 5

How did Macquarie support emancipists?

Answer 5

Removal of the Corps who emancipists didn’t like
-Believed they could be transformed
-Pardons/ land grants for good behaviour
-Harsh punishments but only after hearing at local magistrates
-Tickets of leave to be self employed before sentenve ended

Question 6

How did Macquarie increase religion and its impact?

Answer 6

Banned cohabitation without benefit of clergy
- Improves women’s economic status as could inherit property/ business

Question 7

How did Macquarie limit alcohol consumption (3)

Answer 7

Public houses closed during religious services
Reduced numbers of Public houses
Traffic in spirits reduced

Question 8

How did Macquarie develop the economy incl. public works and its impact

Answer 8

1st tax, currency 1813 , bank 1816
265 public works in total

Helped colony through Econ depression by increasing employment/ income

Colony became self-sufficient and profit wasn’t sent back to britain but reinvested into infrastructure

Question 9

How did Macquarie help the aboriginals? (3)

Answer 9

Organised the Native institution (school for aboriginal kids)
Abroriginal farm,
gave old general uniform

Question 10

Impact of Land grants in Hawkesbury 1794-1809 (continued by Macquarie)

Answer 10

Easier to transport goods by water
Essential to feed growing population

However frequently came into conflict w/ aboriginals who were ‘pacificed’ by expeditions

Question 11

What further areas for settles in all together?

Answer 11

Norfolk Island 1788
Parammatta 1788
Hawkesbury river 1794

Question 12

Initial relations with the Eora of NSW?

Answer 12

approx 2500 where first settlemen established

Tensions quickly developed as convicts stole from aboriginals and ABos retaliated by doing the same

Eventually developed into violence
1788 2 convicts murdered

Question 13

Philips policy to Aboriginals?

Answer 13

Favoured non-aggressive where policy (didnt retaliate when injured by Abo)
Organised punitive expeditions 179-s in response to attacks on settlers

Question 14

Impact of small-pox and theories (3)

Answer 14

Wiped out 50% or more

Deliberate biological warfare?
Transmitted from sailors who traded with ABOs
Actually chicken pox

Question 15

How were aboriginals treated in VD:

Answer 15

-Disease
-Hunted, starved, poisoned untill wiped out to wake way fo farms
-Guns put in hands of convicts who had no guilt in killing ABOs
-
-Declared martial law 1828 to settle them in settled districts

Ultimately failed, last ABO died 1876

Question 16

How did Whaling/ sealing develop? (4)

Answer 16

Success/ survival of early years rested on whale/ seal trade- allowed colony to buy goods needed

1805 was able to make serious money as EIC monopoly broke

1836 waned Arthur sealing trade was threatened as no limit to seal killing

Gradually wool industry became more significant

Question 17

How did the wool trade develop?

Answer 17

boomed as great sheep stations were established

1830 Wool exports valued at £2Mill D:

Question 18

Development of The blue mountains

Answer 18

1813
Enough land to support colony for 30 years
Roads built in 6 months

1819 opened up land beyond with fertile land

1824 Australian Agricultural COmpany given 1 mill acres for agricultural development

Question 19

When was the Australian agricultural Company established?

Answer 19

1824

Question 20

First settlement in Western Australia (When, why, who)

Answer 20

1826
Stop french, provide useful trading links

Swan river company 1828 took 10,000 free settlers to establish colony in exchange for land grants

Source of wealth

Question 21

Biggie Report (when and why

Answer 21

1819
Macquaries governership made transportation not a detterent

Question 22

Reccomendations of the Biggie Report

Answer 22

COnvict labour primarliy assigned to sheep farms rather than public works
Early pardons/ tickets of leave/ grants should cease
Positions of responsibility shouldn be given to Emancipists

Question 23

Impact of the NSW Act 1823 (following biggie report)

Answer 23

Altered power of gov, paved way for self-governance

Legislative council created- not elected
-Justic system independent of gov, SC established
VDL to operatte as seperate colony

Question 24

WHat was the extent of colonial control by 1829

Answer 24

The almost unlimited power of early governors restricted by increased communications/ interventions from London

AAC/ SRC showed how how colony no longer prison- private companies/ settlers now bore risk of imperialism