Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Lawsonia

Question 1

What type of environment do Campylobacter survive in?

Answer 1

Microaerophilic - requires 6% oxygen to grow and air kills them, so they do not survive well in the environment

Question 2

Where do Campylobacter inhabit?

Answer 2

Gastrointestinal tract or lower genital tract

Question 3

The 3 common Campylobacter pathogens

Answer 3

C. fetus subsp. venerealis
C. fetus subsp. fetus
C. jejuni

Question 4

Clinical signs associated with C. fetus subsp. venerealis

Answer 4

Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis
Early embryonic death
Repeat breeding

Question 5

Clinical signs associated with C. fetus subsp. fetus

Answer 5

Bacteraemia
Abortions
Pathognomonic lesion = donut shape lesion (on placenta)

Question 6

Clinical signs associated with C. jejuni

Answer 6

Gastroenteritis
Diarrhea
Bacteraemia

Question 7

Which Campylobacter is a major food safety pathogen of broilers, pigs, and cattle?

Answer 7

Campylobacter jejuni

Question 8

Motility of Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 8

Motility through a single bipolar flagellum

Important in intestinal colonization

Question 9

Pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 9

Colonizes mucus, invades epithelial cells, (plasmid mediated), and lead to bacteremia
Tendency to become bacteremic leads to abortion in pregnant animals

Question 10

Virulence of Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 10

Heat labile enterotoxin (adenylate cyclase-activating enterotoxin) homologous to cholera or E. coli LT toxin that attributes to diarrhea
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) causes cell cycle arrest

Question 11

Diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 11

Culture feces

Need selective media and microaerophilic conditions

Question 12

Treatment for Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 12

Self-limiting diarrheal illness

Treatment with macrolides, fluoroquinolones in severe cases

Question 13

What is a major cause of bacterial diarrhea in humans?

Answer 13

Campylobacter jejuni

Greater than Salmonellosis

Question 14

Zoonotic aspect of Campylobacter jejuni

Answer 14

Self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans animals
Asympotomatic infection of chicken
Contaminated meat, unpasteurized milk, surface water and mountain streams contaminated from infected feces
Fluoroquinolone resistance

Question 15

What bacteria is known as Bovine vibriosis and what time of infection does it cause?

Answer 15

Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis

Subclinical infection in preputial crypts of bulls

Question 16

Transmission of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis

Answer 16

Transmission at breeding and organisms migrate to the uterus and fallopian tubes following esterus

Question 17

Pathogenesis of Bovine vibriosis

Answer 17

Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis

Breeding or AI with infected bull or semen -> Colonization of female genital tract -> Infertility/repeat breeding

Question 18

Clinical signs of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis

Answer 18

Bovine vibiriosis
Endometritis and salpingitis of varying severity may cause transient infertility and embryonic deaths
No disease in bulls

Question 19

Diagnosis of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis

Answer 19

Bulls - detect organisms in smegma, preputial washes, or semen
Cows - detection of antibodies (IgA) in cervial/vaginal mucus
Culture may not be as sensitive in cows as in bulls because microbial numbers are generally low

Question 20

Control of Bovine vibriosis

Answer 20

Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis
Breeding - only use bulls and heifers that test negative
Effective local immunity restores reproductive soundness and eventually clears the organism

Question 21

Campylobacter commensals in the intestinal tract of cattle and sheep

Answer 21

Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

Question 22

Disease caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

Answer 22

Causes ovine genital campylobacteriosis

Question 23

Pathogenesis of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

Answer 23

Sheep -> ingestion through contaminated food and water -> bacteremia -> inflammation of placenta and aborion

Question 24

What type of environment does Helicobacter spp. require?

Answer 24

Microaerophilic and some require hydrogen

Question 25

Helicobacter mouse pathogens and clinical sign

Answer 25

Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter billis

Involved in hepatic necrosis, nonsuppurative hepatitis, hepatocellular tumors

Question 26

Helicobacter of ferrets and clinical signs

Answer 26

helicobacter mustelae

Involved in Hypergastrinemia and peptic ulcers

Question 27

Helicobacter pylori characteristics and clinical signs

Answer 27

Gram negative microaerophilic bacterium in the stomach
Causes gastric ulcers
Associated with gastric neoplasms

Question 28

Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori

Answer 28

Adhesins, flagella, endotoxin, and extracellular urease (acid-neutralizing) muinase, vacuolating cytotoxin catalase/SOD

Question 29

Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori

Answer 29

Urease/urease breath test

Question 30

Lawsonia bacteria

• replication
• disease

Answer 30

Lawsonia are intracellular bacteria which replicate in the apical cytoplasm of enterocytes
Associated with porcine proliferative enteropathy (intestinal adenomatosis)

Question 31

Diagnosis of Lawsonia intracellularis

Answer 31

Cannot grow in cell-free media

Can be cultured only in enterocyte cell lines

Question 32

Treatment of Lawsonia intracellularis

Answer 32

Antimicrobials in feed and water

Antimicrobial resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides