Campbell Review (Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems) Flashcards
Tissues
Groups of cells with a common function
Types of tissues (4)
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
Simple squamous
- Lines blood vessels and air sacs of lungs
- Permits exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases
Simple cobodial
- Lines kidney tubules and glands
- Secretes and reabsorbs water and small molecules
Simple columnar
- Lines most digestive organs
- Absorbs nutrients produces mucus
Stratified squamous
- Outer layer of skin, mouth, vagina
- Protects against abrasion, drying out , infection
Stratified cubodial
-Lines ducts of sweat glands
-Either exocrine (secretes out of the organs) or
endocrine (secretes into organs)
-Secretes water and ions
Stratified columnar
- Lines epidermis, mammary glands, larynx
- Secretes mucus
Basement membrane
Structural support that attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues
Junctions
Holds epithelial cells together
Types of junctions (3)
Tight, Adhesion/spot desmosomes, and Gap
Tight Junctions
- Serves as a barrier between the apical (top) and the basal (bottom) part of the cell
- Polarizes the apical area of the cell
Adhesion junction/ Spot desmosomes
Some movement between cells
Gap Junctions
Protein channels
Types of fibrous connective tissue (5)
Loose, Dense, Elastic, and Reticular
Loose connective tissue
Surrounds many organs, lines cavities around blood vessels
Dense connective tissue
Tendons, ligaments, and deeper layers of skin
Elastic connective tissue
Surrounds stomach and bladder, maintains shape
Reticular connective tissue
Internal framework of soft organs (such as the liver) and lymphatic system
Types of special connective tissue (4)
Cartilage, Bone, Blood, and Adipose
Cartilage connective tissue
- Produced by chondroblasts
- Found in lacunae
- No blood vessels
- High collagen content
Lacunae
Space within bone where cartilage in found
Bone connective tissue
Inorganic matrix with calcium slats for hardness
Blood connective tissue
Fluid matrix plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Adipose connective tissue
- Fat cells
- Function in insulation, protection, and energy storage
Types of muscle tissue (3)
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
Nuerons
Specialized nervous system cell that contains a cell body, dendrites, and axon
Glial cell
Supports cells to nuerons
Organ Systems
Group of organs that perform a common function
Type of Body Cavities (6)
Cranial cavity, Vertebral canal, Pleural cavity, Preicardical cavity, Abdominal cavity, and Pelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
Types of Tissue Membranes (4)
Serous, Mucous, Synovial, and Cutaneous
Serous membrane
-Reduces friction between organs
- Contains two linings
- visceral: inside lining
- parietal: outside lining
Mucous membrane
Lubricates surface, captures debris
Synovial membrane
Lines spaces in movable joints
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
Superior
Closer to the head or upper part of a structure
Inferior
Farther from the head or towards the lower part of the structure
Anterior
At or near the front
Posterior
At or near the back
Proximal
Nearer to the trunk (mid-line of the body)
Distal
Farther away from the truck (mid-line of the body)
11 Organ Systems
-Skeletal system
-Muscular system
-Nervous system
-Circulatory system
-Endocrine system
-Respiratory system
-Digestive system
-Urinary system
-Integumentary system
-Reproductive system
Lymphatic system
Tiktaalik
The connection between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrae
Osteon
Arrangement of cells in bone
Skeletal system
- Protects, supports, and anchors body parts
- Produces blood cells within the bone marrow
- Stores minerals
- Provides structural framework for movement
Two types of bone marrow
- Red bone marrow (stem cells for producing blood cells)
- Yellow bone marrow (fat cells)
Integumentary system
- Protects from injury, infection, and dehydration
- Participates in temperature control
- Receives sensory input from the external environment
Keratinocyte
Containing keratin within the epidermis
Melanocyte
Containing melanin granules which give skin its pigment
Muscular system
- Produces movement of resists movement
- Generates heat
2 types of control systems
- Nervous System
- Endocrine system
Nervous system
- Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs
- Detects both external and internal stimuli
- Controls and coordinates rapid responses to these stimuli
- Integrates the activities of other organ systems
Endocrine system
- Consists of pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, and secreting glands
- Produces hormones that regulate many body functions
- Participates with the nervous system in integrative function
- Contains non-neuronal cells and neurosecretory cells
Circulatory system
- Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
- Transports materials to and from all cells
- Participates in the maintenance of body temperature
- Participates in mechanisms of defense against disease and injury
Lymphatic system
- Consists of lymphatic tissue and organs
- Returns excess tissue fluid to the circulatory system
- Participates in both general and specific (immune) defense responses
Respiratory system
- Consists of lungs and trachea
- Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and blood
- Participates in the production of sound (vocalizations)
Urinary system
- Consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- Maintains the volume and composition of body fluids
- Excretes some waste products
- Regulations of osmotic balance of blood
3 parts of the Kidney
- Medulla: inner layer
- Cortex: outer layer
- Nephron: functional unit
Digestive system
- Provides the body with water and nutrients
- (The liver) Synthesizes certain proteins and lipids for the body
- (The liver) inactivates many chemicals including hormones, drugs, and poisons
Reproduction system
Females:
-Produces eggs
-Nurtures the fertilized eggs, developing embryo, and
fetus until birth
Males:
-Produces sperm
-Participates in the delivery of sperm to the female
