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Biol 1155 Ch 32&33 > Campbell Biology 10th Ed: Chapter 33 (An Introduction to Invertebrates > Flashcards

Campbell Biology 10th Ed: Chapter 33 (An Introduction to Invertebrates Flashcards

0
Q

What percentage of known animal species are invertebrates?

A

95%

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1
Q

invertebrates

A

animals that lack a backbone

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2
Q

What animals are known to be morphologically diverse and occupying almost every habitat on Earth?

A

invertebrates

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3
Q

Sponges are ____ animals that lack ____ tissues

A

basal; true

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4
Q

What phyla are known as sponges?

A

Porifera

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5
Q

How do animals in the phylum Porifera move?

A

they are sedentary

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6
Q

Where do sponges live?

A

in marine or fresh water

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7
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

filter feed

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8
Q

filter feeders

A

capture food particles suspended in water that passes through their body

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9
Q

Water is drawn through pores into a cavity called the ______ and out through and opening called the ______

A

spongocoel; osculum

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10
Q

What do sponges lack?

A

true tissues and organs

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11
Q

Sponge diagram

A
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12
Q

Eumetazoa

A

animals with true tissues

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13
Q

cnidarians

A

ancient carnivorous phylum of eumetazoans, 580MYA-present. Cnidarians are classified into four main groups: the almost wholly sessile Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals, sea pens); swimming Scyphozoa (jellyfish); Cubozoa (box jellies); and Hydrozoa, a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, and has both sessile members, such as Hydra, and colonial swimmers, such as the Portuguese Man o’ War.

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14
Q

What two variations exist of the cnidarian body plan?

A

the sessile polyp and motile medusa

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15
Q

polyp

A

sessile cnidarian that adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body

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16
Q

medusa

A

motile cnidarian that has a bell shaped body with a mouth on its underside

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17
Q

cnidarian body plans

A

Polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians. The body wall of a cnidarian has two layers of cells: an outer layer of epidermis (darker blue; derived from ectoderm) and an inner layer of gastrodermis (yellow; derived from endoderm). Digestion begins in the gastrovascular cavity and is completed inside food vacuoles in the gastrodermal cells. Sandwiched between the epidermis and gastrodermis is a gelatinous layer, the mesoglea.

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18
Q

What do cnidarians use to capture prey?

A

tentacles

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19
Q

cnidocytes

A

unique cells on cnidarian tentacles that are used for defense and capture of prey

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20
Q

nematocysts

A

specialized organelles in cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

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21
Q

cnidocyte diagram

A

A cnidocyte of a hydra. This type of cnidocyte contains a stinging capsule, the nematocyst, which contains a coiled thread. When a “trigger” is stimulated by touch or by certain chemicals, the thread shoots out, puncturing and injecting poison into prey.

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22
Q

hydrozoans

A

cnidarians that alternate between polyp and medusa forms

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23
Q

hydra

A

freshwater cnidarian that exists only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by budding

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24
Q

hydra life cycles

A

The life cycle of the hydrozoan Obelia. The polyp is asexual, and the medusa is sexual, releasing eggs and sperm. These two stages alternate, one producing the other.

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25
Q

______ have the widest range of animal body forms

A

lophotrochozoans

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26
Q

Bilaterian animals have ______ symmetry and ________ development

A

bilateral; triploblastic

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27
Q

What do most bilaterians have?

A

a coelom and digestive tract with two openings

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28
Q

What three clades are within the clade Bilateria?

A

Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia

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29
Q

flatworms

A

members of the phylum platyhelminthes that live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats

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30
Q

How many germ layers do flatworms have?

A

three

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31
Q

What is the nature of flatworms’ coeloms

A

acoelomates

32
Q

How many openings do flatworms’ gastrovascular cavities have?

A

one

33
Q

Where does gas exchange happen on flatworms?

A

on their surface

34
Q

protonephridia

A

regulate osmotic balance in flatworms

As illustrated in Figure 44.9, the excretory systems of flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) consist of units called protonephridia (singular, protonephridium), which form
a network of dead-end tubules. The tubules, which are connected to external openings, branch throughout the flatworm body, which lacks a coelom (body cavity). Cellular units called flame bulbs cap the branches of each protonephridium.

35
Q

Why are flatworms dorsoventrally flattened shaped?

A

it maximizes their surface area for gas exchange

36
Q

flatworm diagram

A

Anatomy of a planarian.

37
Q

trematodes

A

parasitic platyhelminthes that have complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages

38
Q

Trematodes that parasitize humans spend part of their lives in ____ hosts?

A

snail

39
Q

How to trematodes parasitize?

A

they produces surface proteins that mimic their host and release molecules that manipulate the host’s immune system

40
Q

trematode life cycle

A

The life cycle of a blood fluke (Schistosoma mansoni), a trematode.

41
Q

tapeworms

A

parasites of vertebrates that lack digestive systems

42
Q

How do tapeworms “feed”?

A

they absorb nutrients from their host’s intestine

43
Q

tapeworm diagram

A

Anatomy of a tapeworm. The inset shows a close-up of the scolex (colorized SEM)

44
Q

ectoprocts

A

sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants

45
Q

bryozoans

A

alternate name for ectoprocts

46
Q

What are ectoproct exoskeletons like?

A

they encase the entire colony

47
Q

Three main parts of a mollusc’s body plan?

A

muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle

48
Q

Many molluscs have a water filled ____ _____

A

mantle cavity

49
Q

How to molluscs feed?

A

using the radula

50
Q

molluscs diagram

A
51
Q

Which molluscs are hermaphrodites?

A

snails

52
Q

Where are the gonads located in molluscs?

A

the visceral mass

53
Q

The life cycle of many molluscs includes a ciliated larval stage called a _______

A

trochophore

54
Q

What do earthworms eat?

A

soil

55
Q

How to earthworms get nutrients?

A

they extract nutrients from soil as it moves through their alimentary canal

56
Q

alimentary canal

A

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

57
Q

Are earthworms hermaphrodites?

A

yes

58
Q

Do earthworms crossfertilize?

A

yes

59
Q

How do earthworms reproduce asexually?

A

by fragmentation

60
Q

earthworm anatomy

A

Anatomy of an earthworm, a sedentarian

61
Q

What are the six pairs of arachnid appendages?

A

celicerae, pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs

62
Q

book lungs

A

respiratory organs in spiders where gas exchange occurs

63
Q

Many spiders produce _____

A

silk

64
Q

What is spider silk?

A

a liquid protein from specialized abdominal glands

65
Q

arachnid anatomy

A
66
Q

What is clade Hexapoda comprised of?

A

insects and their relatives

67
Q

Where do insects live?

A

in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water

68
Q

The internal anatomy of an insect includes?

A

several complex organ systems

69
Q

insect anatomy

A

Anatomy of a grasshopper, an insect. The insect body has three regions: head, thorax, and abdomen. The segmentation of the thorax and abdomen is obvious, but the segments that form the head are fused.

70
Q

echinoderms

A

slow moving or sessile marine animals

71
Q

Example of echinoderms?

A

sea stars

72
Q

What is the outer surface of an echinoderm like?

A

a thin epidermis covering an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates

73
Q

What system is unique to echinoderms?

A

water vascular system

74
Q

water vascular system

A

a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that is used for locomotion, feeding, waste disposal, and respiration

75
Q

tube feet

A

tubular projections on the surface of echinoderms that are a part of the water vascular system

76
Q

How does gender work in most echinoderms?

A

Males and females are usually separate

77
Q

How do echinoderms reproduce?

A

external sexual reproduction

78
Q

sea star anatomy

A

Biol 1155 Ch 32&33 (2 decks)

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