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Biol 1155 Ch 32&33 > Campbell Biology 10th Ed: Chapter 32 (An Overview of Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Campbell Biology 10th Ed: Chapter 32 (An Overview of Animal Diversity Flashcards

0
Q

Example of an animal that uses its characteristics to acquire food and how?

A

chameleon: camouflage and long, sticky, quick-moving tongue

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1
Q

What traits do animals commonly use to detect, capture, and eat other organisms?

A

Strength, speed, toxins, and/or camouflage

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2
Q

defining characteristics of animals

A

multicellular, heterotropic, eukaryotes, embryonic tissues

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3
Q

How do you define a group?

A

take several characteristics together

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4
Q

heterotroph

A

ingests food

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5
Q

Do animals have cell walls?

A

no

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6
Q

What are animal bodies held together by?

A

structural proteins

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7
Q

Example of a common structural protein?

A

collagen

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8
Q

What tissues are a defining characteristic of animals?

A

nervous tissue and muscle tissue

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9
Q

tissue

A

groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

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10
Q

What is the most common form of animal reproduction?

A

sexual reproduction

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11
Q

What stage dominates the majority of animal life cycles?

A

diploid

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12
Q

cleavage

A

rapid cell division by a zygote

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13
Q

blastula

A

multicellular hollow collection of cells created by cleavage

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14
Q

gastrulation

A

the formation of a germ layered embryo (gastrula) from the blastula

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15
Q

Zygote Multiplication

A

Figure 32.2-3

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16
Q

larva

A

sexually immature organism that is morphologically distinct from the adult

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17
Q

What does a larva become when it undergoes metamorphosis?

A

juvenile

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18
Q

juvenile

A

organism that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature

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19
Q

Hox genes

A

genes unique to animals that regulate the development of body form

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20
Q

Explain Hox gene diversity.

A

the family of genes is small but can be expressed in many ways

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21
Q

When did the common ancestor of animals live?

A

700-770 million years ago

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22
Q

choanoflagellates

A

group of protists that are the closest living relative to animals

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23
Q

What organism did the common ancestor probably resemble?

A

choanoflagellates

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24
Q

collar cells vs choanoflagellates

A

Figure 32.3

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25
Q

What does the origin of multicellularity require?

A

evolution of new ways for cells to attach and communicate with each other

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26
Q

What genetic thing do choanoflagellates share with animals?

A

similar sections of DNA coding for proteins

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27
Q

Choanoflagellate DNA vs Animal DNA

A

Figure 32.4

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28
Q

When was the Neoproterozoic Era?

A

1 billion-542 million years ago

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29
Q

Important qualities of the Neoproterozoic Era

A

Ediacaran biota, early animal embryos, and predation

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30
Q

Ediacaran biota

A

soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossilsn from 560 years ago

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31
Q

When was the Paleozoic Era?

A

542-251 million years ago

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32
Q

When was the Cambrian explosion?

A

535-525 million years ago

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33
Q

What is significant about the Cambrian explosion?

A

huge new diversity of species including many currently living animals

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34
Q

What were most of the Cambrian fossils?

A

bilaterians

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35
Q

bilaterians

A

organisms with a bilaterally symmetric form, complete digestive tract, and one way digestive system

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36
Q

What are three possible explanations for the Cambrian explosion?

A

new predator-prey relationships, a rise in atmospheric oxygen, and Hox gene evolution

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37
Q

What happened near the end of the Paleozoic Era?

A

animal diversity increased but mass extinctions occurred

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38
Q

When did animals begin to make an impact on land?

A

450 million years ago

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39
Q

When did vertebrates move to land?

A

365 million years ago

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40
Q

When was the Mesozoic Era?

A

251-65.5 million years ago

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41
Q

During which era did coral reefs emerge?

A

Mesozoic

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42
Q

Why are coral reefs important?

A

they are important niches for other organisms

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43
Q

What are the ancestors of plesiosaurs?

A

reptiles that returned to water

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44
Q

Who were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates during the Mesozoic Era?

A

dinosaurs

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45
Q

During which era did the first mammals emerge?

A

Mesozoic

46
Q

What happened to flowering plants and insects during the Mesozoic Era?

A

they diversified

47
Q

When was the Cenozoic Era?

A

65.5 million years ago-present

48
Q

What happened during the beginning of the Cenozoic era?

A

mass extinctions of terrestrial and marine animals

49
Q

What did mammals do during the Cenozoic era?

A

grew larger and took advantage of niches left by extinct animals

50
Q

How did the climate change during the Cenozoic era?

A

it cooled

51
Q

body plan

A

set of morphological and developmental traits

52
Q

How do body plans change over time?

A

some stay the same but others change often over evolution

53
Q

animal symmetry

A

Figure 32.8

54
Q

radial symmetry

A

body parts repeat around the center of the body with no front, back, left, or right

55
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

two sided symmetry with dorsal, ventral, right, left, anterior, and posterior sides

56
Q

dorsal

A

top

57
Q

ventral

A

bottom

58
Q

anterior

A

front

59
Q

posterior

A

back

60
Q

Where is sensory equipment usually concentrated?

A

anterior end

61
Q

What kind of animals are usually sessile/planktonic?

A

radial

62
Q

What is bilaterian locomotion like?

A

active movement with central nervous system

63
Q

What two factors can affect body plans?

A

Hox genes and tissue organization

64
Q

true tissues

A

collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

65
Q

What happens to the germ layers during development?

A

they become the embryo’s tissues and organs

66
Q

ectoderm

A

germ layer covering embryo’s surface

67
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer linking the digestive tube

68
Q

archenteron

A

developing digestive tube

69
Q

Example of animal lacking true tissues?

A

sponges

70
Q

diploblastic

A

have two germ layers

71
Q

Example of diploblasts?

A

cnidarians

72
Q

triploblastic

A

have three germ layers

73
Q

What organisms are triploblasts?

A

bilaterians

74
Q

Most triploblastic animals possess a ____?

A

body cavity

75
Q

coelom

A

true body cavity derived from mesoderm

76
Q

coelomates

A

triploblastic animals with true coelom

77
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

triploblastic animals with a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm

78
Q

acoelomates

A

triploblastic animals without body cavities

79
Q

coelomates, pseudocoelomates, and acoelomates

A

Figure 32.9

80
Q

grade

A

group whose members share key biological features

81
Q

clade

A

an ancestor and all of its descendants

82
Q

protostome cleavage

A

spiral and determinate

83
Q

deuterostome cleavage

A

radial and indeterminate

84
Q

protostome coelom formation

A

mesoderm masses split and form coelom

85
Q

deuterostome coelom formation

A

folds of archenteron form coelom

86
Q

protostome blastopore

A

mouth develops

87
Q

deuterostome blastopore

A

anus develops

88
Q

protostome vs deuterostome

A

Figure 32.10

89
Q

blastopore

A

forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of gastrula

90
Q

By when were most modern animal phyla established?

A

500 million years ago

91
Q

How many animal phyla are there?

A

about three dozen

92
Q

What data do phylogenies combine?

A

morphological, molecular, and fossil

93
Q

All animals share _______?

A

a common ancestor

94
Q

______ are basal animals?

A

sponges

95
Q

Eumetazoa (“____”) is a clade of animals with _______?

A

true animals; true tissues

96
Q

Most animal phyla belong to the clade ______?

A

bilateria

97
Q

There are __ major clades of bilaterian animals?

A

three

98
Q

How many clades of bilaterian animals are invertebrates?

A

two

99
Q

Chordata

A

clade of bilaterian animals classified as vertebrates

100
Q

Example phylogeny

A

Figure 32.11

101
Q

What are the bilaterian clades?

A

deutrostomia, ecdysozoa, and lophotrochozoa

102
Q

What are the three clades within deuterostomia?

A

hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates

103
Q

Does chordata have both vertebrates and invertebrates?

A

yes

104
Q

Ecydysozoa

A

clade of invertebrates that undergo ecdysis

105
Q

ecdysis

A

shedding of exoskeletons

106
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

clade of bilaterian invertebrates

107
Q

Origin of the name lophotrochozoa?

A

from the lophophore and trochophore larva

108
Q

lophophore

A

feeding structure distinct to lophotrochozoa

109
Q

trochophore larva

A

developmental stage distinct to lophotrochozoa

110
Q

lophophore and trochophore larva

A

Figure 32.12

111
Q

Focus of current research: Are ______ monophyletic?

A

sponges

112
Q

Focus of current research: Are _____ basal metazoans?

A

ctenophores

113
Q

Focus of current research: Are ___ ____ basal bilaterians?

A

acoelomate flatworms

Biol 1155 Ch 32&33 (2 decks)

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