cambridge book 9 test 2 Flashcards
impair(verb)
:to damage something or make it not as good as it should be
*The illness had impaired his ability to think and concentrate.
+thesaurus at harm
impaired=damaged, less strong, or not as good as before
impairment= mental/visual/cognitive/hearing etc impairment=bozukluk, zayıflık
detrimental (adj)
\:causing harm or damage SYN harmful, damaging **detrimental to *Smoking is detrimental to your health. *he detrimental effect of pollution on the environment detrimentally adverb
over two decades
yirmi yıldan fazla
ventile(verb)
: to let fresh air into a room, building etc
**well-ventilated/poorly ventilated etc
to pump air into and out of someone’s lungs, using a special machine
ventilation (noun) **a ventilation system
heighten(verb)
:if something heightens a feeling, effect etc, or if a feeling etc heightens, it becomes stronger or increases
SYN intensify, → strengthen
*Increased levels of fat in the diet could heighten the risk of cancer.
**heighten (somebody’s) awareness (of something)
*The case has heightened public awareness of the problem of sexual harassment.
exacerbate(verb)
:to make a bad situation worse
*I don’t want to exacerbate the situation.=
Durumu daha da kötüleştirmek istemiyorum.
exacerbation (noun)
reverberation(noun)
:a severe effect that is caused by a particular event and continues for a long time
SYN repercussion
=yansıma
*the scandal’s political reverberations
:a loud sound that is heard again and again as it is sent back from different surfaces → echo
discrepancies(noun)
:a difference between two amounts, details, reports etc that should be the same
**discrepancy in
*Police found discrepancies in the two men’s reports.
=tutarsızlıklar
interlinking problems
=birbirine bağlanan sorunlar
sensory stimuli
=duyusal uyaranlar
quantify(verb)
:to calculate the value of something and express it as a number or an amount
*an attempt to quantify the region’s social and economic decline
**difficult/impossible to quantify
quantifiable adjective
intrusive(adj)
affecting someone’s private life or interrupting them in an unwanted and annoying way
*they found the television cameras too intrusive.
adverse(adj)
: not good or favourable
*They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets.
adversely (adverb)
*developments which had adversely affected their business
screen out
: to prevent something harmful from passing through SYN filter out
*Sun lotions screen out damaging ultraviolet light.
:to remove people or things that are not acceptable or not suitable
*An answering service can screen out nuisance calls.
penetrate(verb)
:to enter something and pass or spread through it, especially when this is difficult
- Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty windows.
- *penetrate into
- Explorers penetrated deep into unknown regions.
obtain
to get something that you want, especially through your own effort, skill, or work
SYN get
**obtain something from somebody/something
You will need to obtain permission from the principal.
**obtain something through something
*the results obtained through these surveys
embark(verb)
to go onto a ship or a plane, or to put or take something onto a ship or plane
OPP disembark
=atılmak,girişmek
embarkation(noun)
**embark on/upon something
to start something, especially something new, difficult, or exciting
*He embarked on a new career as a teacher.
=başlamak
imperative(adj)
extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately
*It is imperative that politicians should be good communicators.
**it is imperative (for somebody) to do something
*It is imperative to meet face to face with the client.
imperatively (adverb)
promulgate(verb)
=yayınlamak
to spread an idea or belief to as many people as possible
to make a new law come into effect by announcing it officially
promulgator (noun)
promulgation(noun)
*Some of these are defined in the regulations promulgated for the administration of the Wholesome Meat Act.=Bunlardan bazıları Sağlıklı Et Kanununun idaresi için yayımlanan yönetmeliklerde tanımlanmıştır.
initiative(noun)
the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do
*Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative.
=girişkenlik
**initiative for
* a new initiative for peace in the Middle East
inch(verb)
to move very slowly in a particular direction, or to make something do this
* I inched forward along the ground.
occasion(noun)
:a time when something happens
**on … occasions
* I’ve seen Jana with them on several occasions.
:a suitable or favourable time
**occasion for
* This was the occasion for expressions of friendship by the two presidents.
: an important social event or ceremony
* I’m saving this bottle of champagne for a special occasion.
schoolmistresses
:a female teacher, especially in a private school
observation
the process of watching something or someone carefully for a period of time
- *observation of
- He spent two nights under close observation in hospital.=Hastanede yakın gözlem altında iki gece geçirdi.
polymath(noun)
someone who has a lot of knowledge about many different subjects
=bilge
innermost(adj)
:your innermost feelings, desires etc are your most personal and secret ones
* a man who would never share his innermost thoughts with anyone
desolate(adj)
:a place that is desolate is empty and looks sad because there are no people there
*a desolate landscape
=ıssız
latitude(noun)
:the distance north or south of the equator (=the imaginary line around the middle of the world), measured in degrees → longitude
=enlem
: freedom to choose what you do or say
=serbestlik
**considerable/greater latitude
*upils enjoy considerable latitude in deciding what they want to study.
**latitude in/for
* Employees should have some latitude in organizing their work.
latitudinal (adj)
govern(verb)
to officially and legally control a country and make all the decisions about taxes, laws, public services etc SYN rule
*The party had been governing for seven months.
=hükmetmek
in pairs
in groups of two
*We worked in pairs for the role-play exercise.
pin down
**pin somebody/something ↔ down
:to make someone give clear details or make a definite decision about something
* Did you manage to pin him down to a definite date?=Onu kesin bir tarihe bağlamayı başardınız mı?
* He’s impossible to pin down.
expeditions(noun)
a long and carefully organized journey, especially to a dangerous or unfamiliar place, or the people that make this journey
*another Everest expedition
**on an expedition
*He went on an expedition to Borneo
: a short journey, usually made for a particular purpose SYN trip
besiege(verb)
to surround a city or castle with military force until the people inside let you take control → siege
In April 655, Osman’s palace was besieged by rebels.
► see thesaurus at attack
=kuşatmak
thwart(verb)
:to prevent someone from doing what they are trying to do
* Fierce opposition thwarted the government’s plans.
=engellemek
flee(verb)
:to leave somewhere very quickly, in order to escape from danger
- His attackers turned and fled.
- *flee to/from/into
- Many German artists fled to America at the beginning of World War II.
pitch
**pitch into somebody/something
: to suddenly start criticizing someone or hitting them
* She pitched into me as soon as I started to speak.
ruled out
rule something/somebody ↔ out
:to decide that something is not possible or suitable
* The police have ruled out suicide.
=bir şeyi / birini yönetmek
undaunted(adj)
:not afraid of continuing to try to do something in spite of difficulties or danger
SYN undeterred
**undaunted by
* Undaunted by the enormity of the task, they began rebuilding the village.
=korkusuz
disprited(adj)
:someone who is dispirited does not feel as hopeful, eager, or interested in something as they were in the past
SYN: discouraged
*At last, dispirited and weary, they gave up the search.
dispiritedly (adverb)
precise(adj)
precise information, details etc are exact, clear, and correct
SYN exact
*It was difficult to get precise information.
dogged(adj)
dogged behaviour shows that you are very determined to continue doing something a dogged determination to succeed ► see thesaurus at determined doggedly (adverb) doggedness (noun) =inatçı
smear(noun)
\: a dirty mark made by a small amount of something spread across a surface **smear of *a smear of paint * It left a black smear on his arm. =lekeleme smeary (adjective)
diffract(verb)
:to bend light or sound waves as they pass around something or through a hole
diffraction(noun)
=kırmak
layer(noun)
:an amount or piece of a material or substance that covers a surface or that is between two other things
**layer of
*The moon was shining through a thin layer of cloud.
**in layers
* Arrange the peppers, garlic and tomatoes in layers.
=tabaka
refract(verb)
:if glass or water refracts light, the light changes direction when it passes through the glass or water
refraction (noun)
*More light is refracted below the surface, and algae, especially diatoms. rapidly become plentiful.
supersede(verb)
:if a new idea, product, or method supersedes another one, it becomes used instead because it is more modern or effective
SYN: replace
*Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases.
=yerini almak
rod
\:a long thin pole or bar **steel/iron/wooden etc rod * The walls are reinforced with steel rods. * a measuring rod =çubuk
spectacle(noun)
: a very impressive show or scene
=gösteri
* a multimedia dance and opera spectacle
:an unusual or interesting thing or situation that you see or notice – used especially in order to show disapproval
* The trial was turned into a public spectacle.
**spectacle of
*the spectacle of drunken young men on the streets
► see thesaurus at sight
pave(verb)
: to cover a path, road, area etc with a hard level surface such as blocks of stone or concrete
=döşemek
**be paved with something
*The city centre streets are paved with dark local stone.
principle has been applied
ilke uygulandı
distort(verb)
:to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear
=bozmak
*Tall buildings can distort radio signals.
:to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct
=çarpıtmak
* His account was badly distorted by the press
:to change a situation from the way it would naturally be
* an expensive subsidy which distorts the market
distorted (adjective)
* His face was distorted in anger.
distortion(noun)
trace
=iz sürmek
- She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter.
- *trace something (back) to something
iconoclastic(adj)
:iconoclastic ideas, opinions, writings etc attack established beliefs and customs
* Wolfe’s theories were revolutionary and iconoclastic.
iconoclasm(noun)
implied(adj)
not stated openly, but understood to exist or to be true
precisely
exactly and correctly SYN exactly
circuit(noun)
:a path that forms a circle around an area, or a journey along this path
*We did a circuit of the old city.=tur
naysayer
someone who says something is not possible, is not good, or will fail
march(verb)
: if soldiers or other people march somewhere, they walk there quickly with firm regular steps
march across/along/past etc
:if a large group of people march somewhere, they walk there together to express their ideas or protest about something
*An estimated 5,000 people marched through the city to demonstrate against the factory closures.
fixed
:firmly fastened to a particular position
fixed to/in/on
* a mirror fixed to the bathroom wall
evolved(verb)
if an animal or plant evolves, it changes gradually over a long period of time
*evolve from
Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
impede
:to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make progress
*Storms at sea impeded our progress
stream(noun)
a natural flow of water that moves across the land and is narrower than a river
interpret(verb)
to translate spoken words from one language into another
*They spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me.
: to believe that something someone does or something that happens has a particular meaning
**interpret something as something
* His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company.
: to explain the meaning of something
draw on
:draw on/upon something to use information, experience, knowledge etc for a particular purpose
* His work draws heavily on learning theories of the 1980s.
* She has 20 years’ teaching experience to draw on.
:draw on something to use part of a supply of something such as money
* I drew on my savings to pay for the repairs.
:draw on a cigarette/cigar etc to breathe in smoke from a cigarette etc
:if a period of time or an event draws on, it comes closer to its end
* Winter is drawing on.
* As the journey drew on, he started to feel tired.
shortcut(noun)
:a quicker and more direct way of getting somewhere than the usual one
*Carlos decided to take a short-cut home.
:a quicker way of doing something
**short cut to
*There aren’t really any short cuts to learning English.
rumbling(noun)
:a series of long low sounds
*We heard a rumbling behind us.
pitfall(noun)
:a problem or difficulty that is likely to happen in a particular job, course of action, or activity
- *pitfall of
- He gave me advice on how to avoid the pitfalls of the legal process.
plague(noun)
a disease that causes death and spreads quickly to a large number of people
hardwired(adj)
if an attitude, way of behaving etc is hard-wired, it is a natural part of a person’s character that they are born with and cannot change
*The desire to communicate seems to be hard-wired into our brains.
curse(verb)
to swear
conjecture(noun)
:when you form ideas or opinions without having very much information to base them on
*What she said was pure conjecture.
:an idea or opinion formed by guessing SYN guess, hypothesis
* My results show that this conjecture was, in fact, correct.
conjectural (adjective)
=varsayım
likelihood(noun)
the degree to which something can reasonably be expected to happen
SYN probability
**likelihood of
* Using a seatbelt will reduce the likelihood of serious injury in a car accident.
release(verb)
:to let someone go free, after having kept them somewhere
*Police arrested several men, who were later released.
**release somebody from something
*He was released from the hospital yesterday.
:to let news or official information be known and printed SYN publish
* The new trade figures have just been released.
: to make a CD, film, computer game etc available for people to buy or see
*A version of the game for Mac computers will be released in February.
:to express or get rid of feelings such as anger or worry
* Physical exercise is a good way of releasing stress.
:to let a substance flow out
**release something into something
* Oil was released into the sea.
chain(noun)
Zincir
willingness(noun)
:the state of being prepared to do something
*He has shown no willingness to compromise.
=isteklilik
embrace(verb)
:to put your arms around someone and hold them in a friendly or loving way SYN hug
:to eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religion etc
*We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.
impediment(noun)
: a physical problem that makes speaking, hearing, or moving difficult
*a speech impediment
:a situation or event that makes it difficult or impossible for someone or something to succeed or make progress
**impediment to
*War is one of the greatest impediments to human progress.
ridicule(noun)
:unkind laughter or remarks that are intended to make someone or something seem stupid
=alay
*The government’s proposals were held up to ridicule (=suffered ridicule) by opposition ministers.
afflict(verb)
:to affect someone or something in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer
- *be afflicted with/by something
- a country afflicted by famine
variant(noun)
:something that is slightly different from the usual form of something
**variant of/on
* This game is a variant of netball.
: a slightly different form of a word or phrase
*spelling variants in British and American English
inhibit(verb)
:to prevent something from growing or developing well
* An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
: to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
**inhibit somebody from doing something
*Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
=engellemek
explosion(noun)
: a loud sound and the energy produced by something such as a bomb bursting into small pieces → explode
- *bomb/gas/nuclear explosion
- Several people were injured in a bomb explosion.
reputation(noun)
:the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has happened in the past
**reputation for
*Judge Kelso has a reputation for being strict but fair.
**reputation as
*In her last job she gained a reputation as a hard worker.
=itibar
intertwine(verb)
: if two situations, ideas etc are intertwined, they are closely related to each other
**be closely/inextricably intertwined
* The problems of crime and unemployment are closely intertwined.
: if two things intertwine, or if they are intertwined, they are twisted together
**intertwine with
* a necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls
=iç içe geçmek
accomplish(verb)
:to succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard
SYN achieve
*We have accomplished all we set out to do
supply(noun)
:an amount of something that is available to be used
- *supply of
- I’ve only got a week’s supply of tablets left.
- *plentiful/abundant/adequate etc supply
- There was a plentiful supply of cheap labour.
alienation(noun)
:the feeling of not being part of society or a group
**alienation from
* Unemployment may provoke a sense of alienation from society.
=yabancılaşma
asset(noun)
: the things that a company owns, that can be sold to pay debts
=varlık
**in assets
* a corporation with $9 billion in assets
:something or someone that is useful because they help you succeed or deal with problems
OPP liability=yükümlülük
* A sense of humor is a great asset in this business.
**be an asset to somebody/something
*I think Rachel would be an asset to the department.
receptive(adj)
:willing to consider new ideas or listen to someone else’s opinions
*You might find them in a more receptive mood tomorrow.
* a receptive audience
**receptive to
*a workforce that is receptive to new ideas
receptiveness(noun)
=yeni fikirlere açık
