Call for Fire Flashcards
What are the three parts of the Fire Support System?
- Forward Observer (FO); eyes
- Fire Direction Center (FDC); brain
- Firing unit; muscle
What are the duties of the FO?
- Detects and locates suitable targets
- Calls for fire
- Adjusts fire
- Relays the results of his fire missions
What are the duties of the FDC?
- Receives the CFF from the FO
- Computes firing data
- Then transmits that data in the form of weapon settings and fire commands to the firing unit
What are the duties of the firing unit?
Applies the weapon settings and fire commands transmitted by the FDC in order to deliver rounds when and where the observer has requested.
What are the 4 Simple Rules?
- Plot yourself
- Get direction
- Get distance
- OT factor (Observer/Target)
Direction can be expressed in what two forms?
- Degrees
- Mils
A mil is equal to what?
1/6400 of a circle
How many mils in a degree?
17.8
What is a mil?
It’s where 1m of lateral distance exists for every 1000m of range
What is the OTL?
The Observer Target Line - an imaginary straight line from the FO through the target
What is the OT direction?
The Observer Target Direction - the azimuth from the FO to the target
What is the OT direction expressed in?
The nearest 10 mils and with four digits
What are the three ways to determine OT direction?
- Scaling from a map
- Lensatic compass
- Measuring from a reference point
The M22 binoculars are labeled every ____ mils.
10
What is the total angular deviation of the M22 binoculars?
100 mils
What is the standard unit of measurement in determining distance?
Meters
OT distance is always expressed how?
To the nearest 100 meters
What are the two methods of determining OT distance?
- Estimation
- Map study
What are the two methods of communication a target to the FDC?
- Polar
- Grid
When mils end in 5, how are they expressed?
To the nearest even number
What must be delivered first when utilizing the polar method?
FO’s POSREP
What is the accuracy required for a grid mission?
100 meters (six digit grid)
If giving a grid mission, what must be sent back to the FDC?
The OT direction during the MTO readkback
Call for Fire consists of how many elements?
6
How many transmissions are the Call for Fire elements given in?
3
What Call for Fire elements are given in which transmissions?
1st transmission - 1, 2
2nd transmission - 3
3rd transmission - 4, 5, 6
What are the six elements of the Call for Fire?
1) Observer identification
2) Warning order
3) Target location
4) Target description
5) Method of engagement
6) Method of fire and control
What are the two elements of the Warning Order?
- Type of mission
- Method of target location
What are the four types of missions?
- Adjust fire
- Fire for effect
- Immediate suppression
- Suppression
In a polar mission, what is the order of the 3rd transmission?
Direction, then distance
What should be included in the target description?
- Type of target (troops, supply dump, trucks)
- Target activity (digging in, assembly area)
- Number of elements in the target (squad, three trucks)
- Degree of protection (in the open, in fighting holes, in bunkers with overhead cover)
What are the two elements of “Method of Engagement”?
- Danger close
- Ammunition
What are the distances for “Danger Close”?
- 600m of friendly troops for mortars or artillery
- 750m of friendly troops for 127mm (Naval Guns)
What type of ammunition is standard in Call for Fire?
HE/Q
When is “in effect” used?
When “Fire for Effect” is used, it is the ammunition delivered. It is only used in Adjust Fire missions.
What are the three methods of control (Fire and Control)?
- When ready (default)
- At My Command (AMC)
- Time on Target (ToT)
How do you report an error to the FDC?
State, “correction” and the whole incorrect transmission again.
What are the two methods of fire (Fire and Control)?
One gun OR Two guns
At a minimum, the MTO will contain what 4 elements?
- Unit(s) to fire
- Changes to the call for fire
- Number of rounds
- Target number
What are the three types of report that will be sent by the FDC during a fire mission?
- Shot
- Splash
- Rounds complete
How many tubes per battery?
6
How many batteries per battalion?
3
In adjust fire, ______ what you ______, _______ what you _______.
spot; see; correct; spot
Spottings are made for:
Range - how far a burst is over or short of the target
Deviation - how far a burst is to the left or to the right of the OTL
The FO should spot which first?
First for range, then for deviation
What are the four possible range spottings?
- Over
- Short
- Range correct
- Range doubtful
What is range doubtful?
When the round detonates so far to the left or to the right of the OTL, that a definite range spotting cannot be made
Deviation spotting is measured to the nearest ______ mils.
5
What are the three types of possible deviation spotting?
- On line
- (# of mils) left
- (# of mils) right
Corrections are sent in:
- Meters
- Reverse order of the spotting; deviation followed by range
What is the proper order for subsequent corrections?
1) Direction
2) Danger close
3) Shell
4) Fuze
5) Deviation
6) Range
7) Target description
8) Change in type of mission/control
9) Splash
10) Repeat
If direction is not included in the Call for Fire (grid mission) it can be included where?
- Immediately after the CFF
- While reading back the MTO
- With the first correction
Refinement or changes to direction are made when?
When the original direction changes by 100 mils or more.
How do you determine deviation correction?
1) Determine OT factor
2) Multiply deviation spotting by OT factor
How do you determine OT factor?
The OT distance divided by 1000:
- When OT distance is greater than 1000m, rounded to the nearest whole number.
- When OT distance is less than 1000m, rounded to the nearest tenth
What is the minimum correction for deviation?
30 mils (expressed to the nearest 10 mils)
The direction of the deviation correction is (opposite OR the same) of that of the spotting
Opposite
Range corrections are expressed to the nearest ______ meters.
100; a 50-meter correction can be used when entering Fire for Effect
What are the four methods of conducting range corrections?
- Hasty bracketing
- On-round adjustments
- Creeping fire
- Successive bracketing
What is the range correction utilizing the Range Bracketing Guide? OT Distance 0m - 1000m 1000 m- 2000m > 2000m
- Add/drop 100m
- Add/drop 200m
- Add/drop 400m
The FO specifically enters the fire for effect phase when:
- An adjusting round has an effect on the target
- Splitting a 100-meter bracket
What is “Repeat”?
If additional fire is needed with the same volume of fire.
What are the four elements of the end of mission of RREMS statement?
- Refinement
- Record as target
- End of Mission
- Surveillance
What is “Refinement”?
If fires have been inaccurate but have produced sufficient results, the FO transmits a refinement to the FDC.
Refinement is sent in increments of what?
10m; but may be less than 30m
When is the mission considered to be terminated?
When “End of Mission” is stated during the RREMS statement.
“Surveillance” should provide:
Casualty and/or damage information as accurately as possible (use destroyed, suppressed, or neutralized appropriately).
Immediate suppression is given in how many transmissions?
1
What are the elements of an immediate suppression transmission?
- Observer ID
- Warning order “immediate suppression”
- Target location
What does the MTO and RREMS consist of in an immediate suppression request?
Trick question. There are no MTO or RREMS messages in an immediate suppression request.
Suppression is given in how many transmissions?
1
What are the elements of a suppression transmission?
- Observer ID
- Warning order “suppression”
- Target number of the planned target
- Duration and rate of fire
Duration and rate of fire is determined how in an immediate suppression request?
By unit SOP
What are the three conditions that allow us to enter the fire for effect phase?
- When an adjusting round has effect on the target
- When splitting a 100-meter bracket
- IF YOU HAVE ACCURATE TARGET LOCATION (known grid and/or direction/distance of the target)
When using the grid method of target location, the FO must transmit __________________________________ to the FDC prior to the first correction.
Direction
Explain the difference between an “adjust fire” mission and a “fire for effect” mission.
Adjust Fire – announced when the FO decides an adjustment is needed because of questionable target location. One gun fires one round at a time until the round is close enough for the entire firing unit to engage the target. Fire for Effect – announced when the FO has an accurate target location and is certain that the first volley will have effect. All guns of the firing unit fire simultaneously.
In what transmission are “danger close” or a requested shell/fuze combination announced?
Third transmission
What type of artillery round contains 88 small grenade-like shaped charges and is effective against area personnel targets and armored vehicles?
Improved Conventional Munitions (ICM
What fuze should be requested for effects against troops in fighting holes or trenches?
Variable Time (VT) for artillery or Proximity (prox) / Near Surface Burst (NSB) for mortars
What fuze should be requested for troops in heavy vegetation or with overhead cover?
HE / Delay
What shell should be requested in order to have an incendiary effect on combustible targets such as a refueling station?
HE /White Phosphorous (WP)
What shell is MOST effective for obscuration and screening?
Smoke – M825 (fired by artillery only)
What is “splash”?
Transmission that informs the FO when his round is five seconds from detonation.
Define a “bracket.”
One round over the target, one round short of the target.
