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Endocrine - Dr Troutman > Calcium and Parathyroids > Flashcards

Calcium and Parathyroids Flashcards

1
Q

Why is calcium so important within the body?

A
  • Nerve conduction
  • Bone formation
  • muscle formation
  • Blood coagulation
  • Cerebral and cardiac function
  • Capillary permeability
  • Cell growth and division
  • Neurotransmitter action
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2
Q

T/F: The body contains 1-2 kilograms of calcium.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Where at is the calcium found in the body and how much in each area?

A
  • Skeleon 98%
  • Plasma 0.03%
  • ECF 0.1%
  • Cells 1 %
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4
Q

T/F: 50% of calcium is Ionized (active form).

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What are the most important aspects of calcium on the body?

A
  • Heart
  • Nervous system,
  • Bone formation
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6
Q

Where is the other 50% of the calcium that is non-ionize?

A
  • 41% protein bound (Albumin)

- 9% Combined with anions (DIFFUSIBLE)

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7
Q

How much Ca++ from the bone is readily exchangeable?

A

0.5%

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8
Q

What will be seen with HYPOcalcemia?

A 
-Nervous System EXCITEMENT
\:increased neuronal permeability to Na (easy action potential)
\:Tetany
\:Seizures
\:Chvosteks sign
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9
Q

What will be seen with HYPERcalcemia?

A

-(Major S/S) Skeletal muscle weaknes
-Nervous system depression
:(Short) QT, (Long) PR,
:constipation
:anorexia
:

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10
Q

What is the treatment for HYPERcalcemia?

A
  • Maintain UOP
  • hydrate
  • Mithramycin
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11
Q

How much phosphorus is kept within the body?

A

-1 kilogram

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12
Q

Where at in the body is phosphorus found?

A
  • Skeletal (85%)
  • muscle/tissue (15%)
  • ECF (1%)
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13
Q

T/F: Phosphorus is easily absorbed in the GI tract.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Where are the parathyroids located?

A
  • 4 glands

- Behind the thyroid in the upper and lower poles

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15
Q

What cells makeup the parathyroid?

A
  • chief cells

- oxyphil cells

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16
Q

T/F: The oxyphil cells in the parathyroid release the parathyroid hormone.

A

FALSE (Chief cells release the parathyroid hormone)

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17
Q

Synthesis and secretion of the _________ hormone is related to calcium _________ in the _____.

A

parathyroid, concentrations, blood

18
Q

What will enlarge the parathyroids?

A
  • prolong stimulation
  • pregnancy
  • lactation
19
Q

T/F: Decrease in calcium concentration in the extracellular fluid increases the secretion of the PTH.

A

TRUE

20
Q

Where does the PTH, cholecalciferol, and Calcitonin work at in the kidneys?

A

-proximal tubules

21
Q

What is bone resportion?

A

The process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium from bone fluid to blood

22
Q

What is PTH action within the body?

A
  • Increase bone resorption
  • Increases reabsorption of Ca++ in the distal tubules
  • Decreases reabsorption of phosphate in the renal tubules
  • Increases the production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
23
Q

What does 1,25-dihydoxycholecalciferol do?

A

-Vit. D metabolite which enhances intestinal Ca++ absorption

24
Q

Increases in PTH in the body results in what?

A
  • Serum: Increased calcium, decreased phosphate

- Urine : Decreased calcium, increased phosphate

25
Q

T/F: Increases in the excretion of phosphate, potassium, and sodium by increasing the calcium/magnesium/hydrogen reabsorption.

A

TRUE (Takes place mainly in the distal tubules and collecting ducts)

26
Q

Where is Calcitonin produced?

A

-Parafollicular (clear or C cells) of the thyroid

27
Q

T/F: Calcitonin has the opposite effect of parathyroid hormone.

A

TRUE

28
Q

Calcitonin will cause a _________ in the serum calcium/phosphate levels and a ____________ calcium/phosphate excretion.

A

Decrease, Increase

29
Q

T/F: Vit D is an active substance for bone deposition and bone absorption.

A

FALSE (Vit. D must be converted into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the LIVER to have any affect on bone depostion or absoption.

30
Q

What will happen if calcium level drop below normal?

A
  • Tetany
  • muscle cramps
  • Grand mal seizures
  • Cardiovascular collapse
31
Q

What is the treatment for HYPOparathyroidism?

A
  • PTH

- Intake of calcium and Vit. D (at times 1/25-D3

32
Q

What does HYPOmagnesemia do?

A
  • cause hypocalcemia resistant to calcium
33
Q

T/F: Magnesium suppresses the release of PTH.

A

TRUE

34
Q

What is Primary HYPERparathyroidism?

A

-Inappropriate hypersecretion of PTH resulting in hypercalcemia. (DUE TO Hyperplasia, tumor, or pregnancy)

35
Q

What is Secondary HYPERparathyroidism?

A

-Hypersecretion of PTH in response to a hypocalcemic streess (Due to Vit. D deficiency and chronic renal disease)

36
Q

What is Osteomalacia?

A

-Inadequate mineralization of the bones.

37
Q

One gram of calcium chloride contains the equivalent amount of ionized calcium as __ grams of Calcium gluconate.

A

3

38
Q

Calcium is _________ in cases of magnesium toxicity as may occur in parturients being treated for preeclampsia.

A

indicated,

39
Q

Calcium is ____________ in patient with digoxin toxicity as it may cause lethal arrhythmias.

A

contraindicated

40
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Bones fail to mineralize, epiphyses fail to fuse, epiphyseal plates widen, and bowing and fractures occur.

Endocrine - Dr Troutman (7 decks)

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