Calcium and calmodulin signalling

Question 1

Microdomains

Answer 1

• enhances versatility of signalling as the same messenger system can be use for different processes

Question 2

Dysregulation; depletion of energy reserves

Answer 2

[ca] up results in increased mitochondrial uptake which results in decreased negative potential inside the mitochondria. This slows H+ influx resulting in less ATP production

the mitochondria also wastes energy trying to remove calcium

Question 3

Microfillament dysfunction

Answer 3

Cam Kinase id a critical regulator of cytoskeletal activity, sustained Ca2+ elevation promotes a loss of cell morphology through cytosketal dysfunction

Question 4

Hydrolytic enzyme activation

Answer 4

Increased Ca2+ will lead to generalized and incontrolled activation of calcium dependent proteases, phospholipids and endonucleases

Question 5

ROS/RNS

Answer 5

Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to generation of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species

Question 6

Calcium Buffering proteins

Answer 6

Calbindin and Calretinin

Question 7

Structure of calmodulin

Answer 7

• four EF hand motifs each which binds a calcium ion
• each consist of two alpha helices linked by a short loop region that binds calcium ions