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Endocrinology > Calcium > Flashcards

Calcium Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones regulate serum calcium?

A

Parathyroid hormone

Vitamin D

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2
Q

How to increase serum calcium and phosphate?

A

Vitamin d from skin or diet

Parathyroid hormone

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3
Q

How to decrease serum calcium and phosphate?

A

Calcitonin from parafollicular cells

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4
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

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5
Q

Calcitriol regulates its own synthesis by?

A

Decreasing transcription of 1 alpha hydroxylase

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6
Q

Effects of calcitriol

A

Increased osteoblasts activity
Increased Ca2+/PO43- absorption
Increased Ca2+/PO43- reabsorption

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7
Q

Actions of parathyroid hormone

A

Increase Ca2+ resorption from bone
Increase Ca2+/PO43- absorption from gut
Increase 1-a-hydroxylase activity
Increase phosphate excretion

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8
Q

Regulation of serum phosphate by FGF23

A

SLIDE

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A

Muscle cramps, tetany, tingling, paraesthesia, convulsions, arrhythmias

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10
Q

What is Chvosteks’ sign?

A

Facial paresthesia

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11
Q

What is Trousseau’s sign?

A

Carpopedal spasm

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12
Q

Causes of hypocalcaemia

A

Low PTH levels (hypoparathyroidism [surgery, autoimmunity, maganesium deficiency, congenital])
Low vitamin D levels (deficiency, malabsorption, impaired production [renal failure])

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13
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcaemia

A

Atonal muscles
Kidney stones, renal colic
Constipation, pancreatitis, dyspepsia, anorexia, nausea
Fatigue, depression, impaired concentration, coma

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14
Q

Causes of hypercalcaemia

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism
Malignancy (bony metastasis > stimulates osteoclasts)
Excess vitamin D

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15
Q

Parathyroid adenoma

A

Too much PTH > increase calcium > no negative feedback due to autonomous PTH secretion from adenoma

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16
Q

Treatment of hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroidectomy

17
Q

Untreated hyperparathyroidism has risks of?

A

Osteoporosis
Renal calculus (stones
Psychological impact

18
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

High PTH

Low/low normal calcium

19
Q

Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Vitamin d deficiency

Renal failure

20
Q

Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patient of normal renal function

A

25 hydroxy vitamin D
Ergocalciferol
Cholecalciferol

21
Q

Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patient with renal failure

A

Alfacalcidol

22
Q

Describe tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

Chronic renal failure > can’t make calcitriol > increase PTH > parathyroid glands enlarge > autonomous PTH secretion causes hypercalcaemia

23
Q

Treatment for tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroidectomy

Endocrinology (15 decks)

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