Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 5 ChemPath > calcium > Flashcards

calcium Flashcards

1
Q

99% of calcium is stored in the ?

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is calcium soluble?

A

in blood no, but with phosphate it is calcifying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

concentration of calcium is very

A

fixed in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

free ionised calicum

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

protein bound calcium?

A

40% - albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

complexed calcium citrate / phosphate

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

range of calcium

A

2.2-2.6 mmol/l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is calcium levels important?

A

muscle depolarisation and so in control of nerve and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

corrected ca2?

A

40g/L is albumin
+0.02
because difference is 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

if albumin is low then the serum ca2 is much higher

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

low albumin occurs in what type of patients?

A

very sick, septic
liver is failing or kidneys are losing albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why correct?

A

because calcium can be normal but due to low albumin it comes out normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why is concentration of calcium important

A

normal nerve and muscle fucntion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pth obtains ca2 from 3 places?

A

bone
gut absorption
kidney - resorption and r1alpha hydroxylase activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rate limiting step for ca2

A

renal 1 alpha hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PTH

A

is a protein from parathyroid glands (except in cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pth

A

phosphate thrashing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cholecalciferol is stored?
what happens here?

A

liver
hydroxylates it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

kidney will only activate vit d when?

A

PTH is released so when ca2 is low

20
Q

what is calcetriol?

A

1,25 (OH)2 D3
physiologically active form

21
Q

ergocalciferol is a plant product

A

true

22
Q

sarcoidosis

A

activates vit D
can become hypercalcaemic
ectopic expression of 1 alpha hydroxylase

23
Q

25 hydroxylase is found in which organ?

A

liver

24
Q

1 alpha hydroxylase is found?

A

kidney

25
Q

high alkaline phosphatase

A

bone issue - osteomalacia
so if raised only AFP it is a bone issue not a liver issue

26
Q

loosers zone

A

pseudo fractures

27
Q

rickets
signs

A

bowed legs
costochondral swelling

widened epihphyses at wrists
myopathy

28
Q

the difference between osteoporosis and osteomalacia?

A

loss of bone but with a normal calcium, normal phosphate

osteomalacia inadequate mineralization of bone tissue
abnormal ca2+

29
Q

calcium falls. what happens?

A

PTH levels rise
osteoblast act and break bone to release ca2+
phosphate is excreted in urine so phosphate falls

30
Q

DEXA score

T score

A

dual energy xray absorptiometry

T-score is the sd from mean of young healthy population

31
Q

z score

A

sd from mean of aged matched control

32
Q

osteoporosis
osteopenia
T score difference?

A

<-2.5
-1- -2.5

33
Q

mx osteoporosis

A

vit D/ca2+

bisphosphonates
teriparatide
strontium, anabolic and anti-resorptive
oestrogems
SERMs (raloxifene

34
Q

why do bisphosphonates help in osteoporosis

A

alendronate (swallow with water, by itself and wait)
osteoclasts uses it make bone and it makes strong bones
zolendronate

peptic ulcers is a complication

35
Q

hypercalcaemia symptoms

A
36
Q

hypercalcaemia
ix?

A

check again
PTH

37
Q

is PTH suppressed in hypercalcaemia
if yes what is the cause?
if no what is the cause?

A

PTh suppressed - malignanct (most common)
sarcoid, vit D, thyrotoxicosis

primary hyperparathyroidism (problem with PTH regulation primary)
familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia

38
Q

commonenst cause of hypercalcaemia?

A

primary hyperthyroidism
parathyroid adenoma, hyperplasia, carcinoma

hyperplasia associated with MEN1

women>men

bones(fractures) , stones, abdo moans, psychiatric groans

39
Q

hypercalcaemia malignant causes?

A

humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy
small cell lung Ca2+
PTHrP

bone metastases

myeloma (haematological malignancy)
due to cytokines

40
Q

other causes of non-PTH driven hypercalcaemia

A

sarcoidosis (non-renal 1a hydroxylation)
thryotoxicosis
hypoadrenalism
thiazide diuretics
excess vit D

41
Q

how to manage hypercalcaemia?

A

Fluids because they are severely dehydrated

  • bisphosphonates 9if cancer)
    treat underlying cause
42
Q

hypocalcaemia causes ____musucluar excitibility

A

neuromuscular excitiability
chovstek sign
trousseaus sign

43
Q

hypocalcaemia PTh low causes

A

can be due to low albumin
surgical (thyroidectomy)

congenital absence of parathyroids - DiGeogre

auto-immune hypoparathyroidism

44
Q

non pth causes of hypocalcaemia?

A

lack of vit D
ckd - 1a hydroxylation

pseudohypoparathyroidism - body is not sensitive to pth

45
Q

tertiary hyperpara

A

had secondary for a long time

46
Q

pagets disease

A

focal disorder of bone remodeling

radioactive bisphosphonate

elevated ALP

47
Q
A

Year 5 ChemPath (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions