Calcium Flashcards

1
Q

which mineral tightly regulates levels of calcium

A

phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how much ECF calcium is biologically active

A

50%
small amount is complexed and the rest in protein bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what type of crystals are formed by salt precipitation in bone remodelling

A

hydroxyapatite
mainly calcium phosphate salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the physiological functions of calcium

A

controls membrane excitation
excitation - contraction coupling
haemostasis
stimulus - secretion coupling
second messenger and enzyme activity
maintenance of tight junctions between cells
bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why must Ca2+ plasma conc be tightly regulated

A

potential detrimental effects of free calcium
death due to muscle asphyxiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

three main hormones of Ca2+ regulation

A

parathyroid hormone
vitamin D
calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parathyroid glands anatomy

A

4 rice-grain sized glands
2 posterior to each lobe of the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what triggers PTH secretion

A

decrease in free Ca2+ conc in the ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

effect of PTH on kidneys

A

increases Ca2+ reabsorption
stimulates active Vit D formation
decreases phosphate reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the effect of PTH on bone

A

stimulates active osteoclasts increasing resorption increasing by causing release of hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

effect of Vit D on intestine

A

increases Ca2+ absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is calcitonin secreted from
in response to what

A

parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland
in response to high conc of Ca2+ in the EFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what would happen if PTH had no effect of phosphate levels

A

it would not be secreted and the increased Ca2+ conc would simply crystalise with the phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

effects of calcitonin on the kidneys

A

decrease phosphate reabsorption
decrease Ca2+ reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

effects of calcitonin on bone

A

oppose action of PTH on osteoclasts
decreases resorption
decreased Ca2+ release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the active form of vitamin D

A

D3 calcitriol

17
Q

what are the sources of vitamin D forms

A

D2 and D3 come from diet
D3 is the only one synthesised in the skin using UV radiation

18
Q

where is inactive vitamin D stored

19
Q

where is active vitamin D created

20
Q

effects of vitamin D on kidneys

A

increased phosphate reabsorption
increased Ca2+ reabsorption

21
Q

effect of calcitonin on the intestine

22
Q

effect of vitamin D on the intestine

A

increased phosphate reabsorption
increased Ca2+ reabsorption

23
Q

effect of vitamin D on bone

A

promotes PTH action on osteoclasts
increased resorption
increased release of Ca2+ into plasma

24
Q

where does reabsorption, absorption, and resorption occur

A

reabsorption - kidney absorption - intestine resorption - bone

25
effects of PTH hypersecretion
hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia moans (depressions and anxiety - lmao) bones (bone pain - osteoporosis) stones (de la kidney) groans (abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting)
26
where is pain caused by kidney stones
sides and back below ribs
27
treatment options of kidney stones
small: drink water, pain relievers, relaxation of ureter large: sound waves to break up stones, surgery, parathyroid gland surgery
28
what bone disorder results from not enough calcium
osteoporosis
29
effects of PTH hyposecretion
hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia muscle cramps and twitches from motor nerves, respiratory muscles go into hypercalcaemic spasm death.
30
what is the treatment for hypocalcaemia
synthetic PTH (doesn't exist) active Vit D and high calcium diet and supplements
31
what happens in vitamin D deficiency
impaired intestinal absorption of Ca2+ leading to PTH secretion to maintain Ca2+ conc at the expense of bones bone becomes some and deformed due to pressures of weight bearing rickets - children osteomalacia - adults
32