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Intro to Roman History > Caesar, Augustus & the Early Roman Empire > Flashcards

Caesar, Augustus & the Early Roman Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

What is imperium (RR)?

A

Consular power of life and death inherited from the kings of Rome

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2
Q

What was a dictator (RR)?

A

The extraordinary magistracy for emergencies (if two consuls killed, temporary

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3
Q

What was Polybius’s view on the RR?

A

Stable democratic system with checks and balances to prevent people holding too much power

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4
Q

When was Polybius alive (RR)?

A

200-118 BC

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5
Q

Where did Rome’s empire move after the Punic Wars (RR)?

A

East, towards Alexander’s former kingdoms

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6
Q

When was the Social War (RR)?

A

91-88 BC

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7
Q

What caused the Social War (RR)?

A

Allies rebelled against Rome

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8
Q

What were the consequences of the Social War (RR)?

A

Allies gained citizenship
Allies gave up own laws/government
Standardised reforms don’t finish til Augustus

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9
Q

When did Sulla live?

A

138-78 BC

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10
Q

What did Sulla do?

A

Created a political dictatorship by reducing role of popular parts of government

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11
Q

When did Pompey the Great live?

A

106-48 BC

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12
Q

Was Pompey a supporter of Sulla?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What characterised the period after the death of Sulla?

A

Chaos

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14
Q

Who made up the First Triumvirate?

A

Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar

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15
Q

Which war was Caesar born into?

A

The Social Wars

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16
Q

Who did Caesar’s career start under?

A

Sulla

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17
Q

What was Caesar prepared to do?

A

Grovel

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18
Q

How did Caesar bankrupt himself?

A

By becoming Pontifex Maximus

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19
Q

Where did Caesar move to after being Pontifex Maximus?

A

Spain

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20
Q

When was the First Triumvirate?

A

56-50 BC

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21
Q

What did Caesar do as consul?

A

Passed economic measures to improve conditions

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22
Q

Where did Caesar campaign after his consulate?

A

Gaul

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23
Q

Should Caesar have been attacking Gaul, Britain and Germany?

A

No

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24
Q

What happened to Crassus?

A

He was killed in battle in Asia

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25
Q

After the death of Crassus, what did Caesar want to do?

A

Wanted to challenge the dominance of Pompey in the Senate

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26
Q

What was Pompey made in 52 BC?

A

Sole consul, using the army

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27
Q

When did the Triumvirate collapse?

A

50 BC

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28
Q

When did Caesar cross the Rubicon?

A

49 BC

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29
Q

Why was crossing the Rubicon so important?

A

Because Caesar was breaking Imperium making conflict inevitable

30
Q

What was the result of the Civil War?

A

Pompey was defeated and Caesar took power

31
Q

Name three things Caesar did as dicator

A

Building Programme
Resettles Veterans
Breaks tradition-appoints consuls himself

32
Q

Name of an example of Caesar’s building program

A

The basilica at the Forum

33
Q

What did Caesar get the senate to appoint him as?

A

Dictator for Life

34
Q

When were the Ides of March?

A

15th March 44 BC

35
Q

Who led the Ides of March?

A

Brutus

36
Q

Why were the Senators unable to return Rome to a Republic?

A

Had no plan and the Republic hadn’t been working

37
Q

Who made up the Second Triumvirate?

A

Mark Anthony, Octavian, and Lepidus

38
Q

How old was Octavian when he joined the Triumvirate?

A

19

39
Q

How important was Lepidus in the Second Triumvirate?

A

Not a big deal as ended up in Africa

40
Q

What happened to Cicero?

A

Was part of the Triumvirate’s proscription and killed in 43 BC

41
Q

At what point was Caesar made divine?

A

42 BC

42
Q

What did Octavian call himself when Caesar was made divine?

A

Son of God

43
Q

What happened to Republican institutions under the Second Triumvirate?

A

Remained, as both Anthony and Octavian were vying for power

44
Q

What happened to Mark Anthony?

A

Ended up with Cleopatra in Eygpt with three kids and eventually committed suicide

45
Q

What is Syme’s perspective of Augustus?

A

‘1930s Dictator’-used position as relative of Caesar to build power and eventually consolidate by surrounding with his own people

46
Q

What is Galinsky’s perspective of Augustus?

A

Positive-Many contributors, social program stresses good morals

47
Q

What is Zanker’s perspective of Augustus?

A

That his cultural programme was not propaganda as Syme has argued but part of a natural evolution of culture from showing up other generals and a new culture arising from a new Rome

48
Q

When did Augustus gain the Tribunica Potestas?

A

23 BC

49
Q

What was the Tribunica Potestas?

A

Power of the tribune, which gave him veto over magistrates and sacrosanctity

50
Q

How many of the priestly colleges was Augustus a member of?

A

He was a member of all colleges and dominated state religions

51
Q

What important religious role did Augustus take in 12 BC?

A

Pontifex Maximus

52
Q

What religious institution developed concerning Augustus?

A

An imperial cult, he was worshiped in the East

53
Q

Who was Augustus’s heir?

A

Tiberius

54
Q

What safety measure did Augustus take regarding the army?

A

He expelled them from Italy

55
Q

What role did the Senate have under Augustus?

A

They are no longer the governing body but pass his decrees

56
Q

What was the emperor’s role?

A

To be a reactor to different situations

57
Q

What social reforms did Augustus put in place?

A

He rewards people for having families and makes divorce harder

58
Q

What was Syme’s views on Augustus’s social reforms?

A

He saw these programs as a ‘smokescreen’ for tightening grip on society

59
Q

What genre did the age of Augustus experience a rise in?

A

Poetry

60
Q

Who was Maecenas?

A

A friend of Augustus and a patron of literary circles

61
Q

What did Horace write about?

A

Odes about Augustus and Pax Romana

62
Q

What work did Virgil write?

A

The Aeneid

63
Q

Why does the Aeneid seem to be propaganda?

A

Aeneas seems to parallel Augustus in that he is trying to rebuild a nation

64
Q

What evidence shows that the Aeneid was Augustan propaganda?

A

Maecenas was a patron of Virgil

65
Q

What work did Propetius write?

A

Carmen, the ‘ideal’ of Augustan poetry

66
Q

Why was Ovid exiled by Augustus?

A

Because his work was incompatible with Augustan ideals of morality, love poems and because he was involved with Julia the granddaughter of Augustus

67
Q

How did Augustus control imagery

A

Non-ageing

Ruler portraits based on Alexander

68
Q

How did Augustus use Livia to his advantage?

A

Encouraged people to copy her style, ideal woman

69
Q

What influence did coinage have in the Augustan age?

A

Displayed the divine origins and achievements of the family

70
Q

Name an example of Augustus’ building program

A

Forum of Augustus

71
Q

Why was the Forum of Augustus so important?

A

Because the senate began to meet there

Intro to Roman History (3 decks)

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