cadena de suministro Flashcards
Lean production
refers to a focus on eliminating as much waste as possible. (moves
that are not needed, Unnecessary processing steps, Excess inventory).
value chain
each step in the supply chain processes that deliver products and services to
customers should create value.
Customer value
something for which the customer is willing to pay
Waste
Anything that does not add value from the customer’s perspective.
WASTE
Defective products
the result of not getting he job done right the first time
overproduction
ties up production facilities and surplus inventory is simply idle
inventories
the waste associated with thr expense of idle inventory
excess motion
as a result of inefficient design of the workplace and the location of tools and materials
processing steps
the tradicional notion of waste, leftovers that often result from poor product or process design
transportation
the time and effprt spent transporting products around factory asn a result of poor distribution
waiting
allowing queues to build up between operations, resulting in longer lead times and more work progress
Uncertainty in task times
Services are different each time they are done. Most tasks take a little time, but some take much longer.
Uncertainty in demand.
While service demand can be forecasted, no forecast is 100 percent perfect. Manufacturers can buffer this forecast uncertainty with some finished goods inventory.
Customers’ production roles.
Both uncertainties are related to customer involvement in services. Since customers usually help in creating the service, the outcome can vary depending on how well the service provider does their job.
value stream
consists of the value-adding and non-value-adding activities required to design, order, and provide a product or service from concept to launch, order to delivery, and raw materials to customers.
waste reduction
This focuses on improving activities that add value and removing those that don’t within the value stream.
Lean Suppliers
Suppliers can adapt to changes, deliver on time, and focus on constant improvement. To help them grow, organizations should involve them in value stream
Lean Procurement
key to lean procurement is:
Automation: Automatic transactions using Web based applications.
Visibility: Suppliers must be able to “see” into the customers’ operations and customers must be able to “see” into their suppliers’ operations.
Lean Manufacturing
Lean manufacturing systems produce what the customer wants, in the quantity they want, when they want it, and with the minimum resources.
lean warehousing
this relates to eliminating non value added steps and waste in product storage processes
lean logistics
lean concepts can be applied to the functions associated with movement of material through the system
lean costumers
lean customer have a great understanding of their business needs and specify meaningful requirements
Value Stream Mapping (VSM)
is a tool that shows how products move through a process, helping identify value-adding and non-value-adding steps, from raw materials to delivery. VSM symbols, though somewhat standardized, can vary and are grouped into these categories:
● Process
● Material
● Information ● Genera
Kaizen
is the Japanese philosophy that focuses on continuous improvement.
Preventive maintenance
Preventive maintenance means checking and fixing machines
regularly to stop them from breaking down.
Quality at the source
Means do it right the first time, and when something goes wrong, stop the process or assembly line immediately.
JIT (just-in-time)
Means producing what is needed when needed and no more.
Group technology
This is a method where similar parts are grouped into families, and the processes to make them are set up together in a manufacturing cell
A level schedule
is one that requires material to be pulled into the final assembly in a pattern uniform enough to allow the various elements of production to respond to pull signals.
freeze window
refers to that period of time during which schedule is fixed and no further changes are possible
backflush
This is a method where parts used in each product are regularly taken from inventory and tracked based on how many products are made.
Underutilization and overutilization
there is debate about using extra capacity and stock. Traditional methods keep extra stock and deliver early to prevent production issues.
uniform plant loading
Smoothing the production flow helps reduce the ups and downs that usually happen when the schedule changes.
Kanban
means “sign” or “instruction card” In Japanese. In a paperless control system, containers can be used instead of cards.
Setting up a Kanban control system requires determination of the
supply chain partners, all processes and all customers so that three sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental and social) are achieved in the best possible way.
Kanban formula
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k= expected demand during lead time + safety stock / size of the container
Logistics
is defined as the art science of obtaining, producing and distributing material and product in the proper place and in proper quantities.
International logistics
refers to managing these functions when the movement is on global scale.
Transportations modes
Most companies use multiple types of transportation, not just one. Standardized containers make it easy to move products between trucks, planes, and ships
Warehouse Design
Special consolidation warehouses are used when shipments from various sources are pulled together and combined into larger shipments with a common destination.
Cross-docking
A method where large shipments are divided into smaller ones for local delivery instead of sending bigger shipments
Hub and Spoke systems
These combine consolidation and cross-docking, with a warehouse acting as a “hub” for sorting goods.
Plant Location Methods
Choosing a location for a plant depends on the business type and competition
common plant locatoon methods
● Factor Rating Systems: Weighing factors like cost, labor, and access.
● Transportation Method of Linear Programming: Optimizing shipping costs.
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● Centroid Method: Finding the best location based on distances and demand
Transportation Method
A linear programming technique used to solve problems of transporting goods from multiple sources to multiple destinations efficiently.
Centroid Method:
A tool for finding the best location for a single facility by considering existing locations, distances between them, and the volume of goods to be transported.
MRP
is based on dependent demand, it is the demand caused by the demand for a higher-level item.
Master Production Scheduling
Still further down the disaggregation process is the MRP program, which calculates and schedules all raw materials, parts, and supplies needed to make the product
Time fences
The purpose of time fences is to maintain a reasonably controlled flow through the production system.
Available to promise
A feature of MRP systems that identifies the difference between the number of units currently included in the master schedule and the actual (firm) customer orders.
Bill of Materials (BOM)
A detailed list that describes a product, including all materials, parts, and components, the quantity of each, and the order in which they are used to make the product.
Inventory Records
A detailed file that tracks the status of inventory over specific time periods. The MRP system uses this information to manage inventory levels and plan product
Lot-for-Lot (L4L)
A common method where planned orders match exact net requirements. It produces only what’s needed each period, avoids carrying inventory, and minimizes holding costs but ignores setup costs and capacity limits.
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ):
A model that calculates the ideal order size based on total annual demand, setup or order costs, and annual holding costs. However, EOQ lot sizes may not align perfectly with the number of periods required.
Least Total Cost (LTC)
A lot-sizing method that compares carrying costs and setup costs for different lot sizes, choosing the size where these costs are closest to being equal.
Least Unit Cost (LUC)
A lot-sizing method that adds ordering and inventory carrying costs for each lot size, then divides by the number of units in the lot. The lot size with the lowest cost per unit is chosen.
Inventory Management
Managing inventory means controlling stocks of items or resources in an organization.
Single-Period Model
For one-time purchases.
Fixed-Order Quantity Model
Keeps items in stock, ordering a set quantity each time.
Fixed-Time Period Model
Orders at regular intervals, quantity varies.
inventory costs
- Holding Costs: Includes storage, insurance, and depreciation.
- Setup Costs: Related to preparing equipment or materials for production.
- Ordering Costs: Managerial expenses for purchase orders.
- Shortage Costs: Losses due to running out of stock.
Demand Types
- Independent Demand: Unrelated to other items, e.g., finished goods.
- Dependent Demand: Relies on other items, e.g., parts needed for a product.
Inventory Control Systems
- Single-Period Systems: For one-time purchases.
- Multi-Period Systems: Ensure availability throughout the year. Includes:
- Fixed-Order Quantity (Q-Model): Orders when stock reaches a specific level. - Fixed-Time Period (P-Model): Orders at regular intervals
Inventory Turnover
Formula: Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory Value Purpose: Tracks how often inventory is replaced annually.
Inventory position
The amount on hand plus on-order minus backordered quantities
Fixed-Time period System
In a fixed-time period system, inventory is counted only at a particular time, such as every week or every month.
Price-Break Model
Optimize the order size when prices vary with quantity. - Steps:
Calculate the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for each price level. Compare costs and choose the lowest-cost quantity.
ABC Inventory Classification
- A: High-value items (small quantity, high cost).
- B: Moderate-value items.
- C: Low-value items (large quantity, low cost).
ERP
A computer system that integrates programs for accounting and other functions through a shared database.
Purpose: Provides consistent and integrated planning across all functional areas in a company.
Features of ERP Software
- Multifunctional Scope: Tracks financial results, resources, and processes.
- Integration: Combines different business processes seamlessly.
- Modular Structure: Can expand as needed or connect with other software.
- Supports Planning: Includes tools for forecasting, production, and inventory
ERP and Decision-Making
Transaction Processing: Tracks business activities like sales and purchases.
Decision Support: Helps managers make informed decisions.
Key Priorities: Information must be accurate, reliable, and timely.
How ERP Connects Functional Units
Finance: Resolves conflicting financial data across departments. Manufacturing and Logistics:
○ Coordinates sales, marketing, and operations planning.
○ Manages supply chain tasks like purchasing and vendor evaluation.
○ Supports maintenance, quality assurance, and production planning.
Sales and Marketing: Includes customer management, forecasting, shipping, and billing.
Human Resources: Handles payroll, hiring, training, and employee management.
Customization and Data Integration
Add-Ons: Tailors ERP systems to specific company needs.
Data Integration: Processes transactions in real time and uses data warehouses for
analysis.
delivery performance
what percentage of order is shipped according to schedule
Fill rate by line item
order ofter contain multiple line items
perfect prder fullfilment
this measures how many complete order were filled and shipped on time
order fulfillment lead time
the time from an order is placed to when it is received by the customer
Forecasting is the basis of corporate planning and control.
Qualitative. That uses managerial judgment.
Quantitative. That relies on mathematical models.
