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Cardiology > CABS CHF, HF, Shock > Flashcards

CABS CHF, HF, Shock Flashcards

1
Q

Phrenic nerve assists with sensory signalling from the

A

pericardium

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2
Q

Phrenic nerve innervates the

A

diaphragm to help with respiration

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3
Q

Cardiac innervation: _____ nerve innervates the efferent and afferent parasympathetic

A

vagus

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4
Q

Cardiac innervation: _____ and _____ ganglia innervates with efferent and afferent sympathetic

A

cervical and thoracic

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5
Q

Heart Failure is

A

syndrome of decreased cardiac output
(failure to meet its obligations)

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6
Q

Heart Failure presents with

A

fluid overload (large edematous legs/ pulm edema)

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7
Q

Classifications of HF

A

acute vs chronic
compensated vs decompensated
right sided vs left sided
systolic vs diastolic

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8
Q

Acute HF is

A

abrupt onset, more sudden/ severe sx
associated with acute heart disease

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9
Q

Chronic HF is

A

develops over months to years
more common
associated with cardiomegaly
hallmarked by fluid overload (peripheral edema, pulm edema)

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10
Q

Left sided HF is

A

most common type
left ventricular failure - decreased CO
leading to HTN, tissue ischemia, pulmonary edema (backing up into the right side)

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11
Q

Right sided HF is

A

right ventricular failure
primary causes: pulm HTN, pulm valve stenosis, increased preload, decreased contractility
secondary: m/c cause Left sided heart failure

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12
Q

Compensated HF

A

body is able to compensate for the underlying heart disfunction - typically decribes someone’s chronic state

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13
Q

Compensatory mechanisms during HF

A

body will try and fix the strain on the heart and decrease CO, in turn leading to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system being activated (thus making it worse)

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14
Q

Systolic HF is

A

left ventricle can’t squeeze effectively (HFrEF)

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15
Q

Diastolic HF is

A

cant dilate/ relax enough for the heart to properly fill (HFpEF)

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16
Q

How to measure EF?

A

ECHO

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17
Q

Causes of systolic HF

A

MI (m/c)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
tachyarrhythmia

18
Q

Causes of diastolic HF

A

decreased preload
restrictive cardiomyopathy
pericarditis
increased afterload

19
Q

Preload is

A

volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (end diastolic pressure)

20
Q

Afterload is

A

resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
increase afterload = increased cardiac workload

21
Q

Presentation of HF includes

A

S3 heart sound
crackles (pulm edema)
elevated JVD
hepatojugular reflux
peripheral edema
SOB, orthopnea, PND
Ascites

22
Q

Edema is

A

excess interstitial fluid volume, increased Na+ retention typically increases in edema
m/c in LE

23
Q

Anasarca is

A

diffuse edema (everywhere)

24
Q

Pitting vs non pitting edema

A

pitting - more common, typical underlying pathophysiology
non pitting - more reflective of lymphatic obstruction

25
Q

Shock is

A

a life-threatening condition characterized by inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs relative to their metabolic demand (inadequate O2 delivery/ nutrient supply) - resulting in end-organ dysfunction

26
Q

Shock index =

A

HR / systolic BP

27
Q

If shock index is greater than ___ this indicates

A

1
LV dysfunction, higher mortality rate

28
Q

shock =

A

hypoprofusion

29
Q

Cardiogenic shock results from

A

decreased cardiac function, typically LV
resulting in decreased perfusion to peripheral tissues

30
Q

Cardiogenic shock is associated with

A

MI, arrhythmia, HF, valve dysfunction

31
Q

Positive inotropic medications cause

A

increase muscular contraction

32
Q

Positive chronotropic medications cause

A

increases HR

33
Q

Vasopressors cause

A

vasoconstriction

34
Q

If the IV infiltrates when giving vasopressors what can happen

A

leaks out into the tissues from the vein and can cause necrosis of the limb

35
Q

Hypovolemic shock results from

A

decreased intravascular volume
marked by decreased preload, increased vascular resistance and decreased CO

seen with hemorrhage, capillary leak, GI losses, thermal burns

36
Q

Distributive shock results from

A

redistribution of blood volume
systemic vasodilation - decreased preload
marked by decreased preload, increased systemic vascular resistance, mixed CO

think septic shock**, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock

37
Q

Neurogenic shock results from

A

disruption of the autonomic pathway (this includes parasympathetic and sympathetic)
most commonly seen in thoracic level trauma

38
Q

Neurogenic shock presents with

A

hypotension, bradycardia, flushing below (LE)

39
Q

Obstructive shock results from

A

decreased venous return or decreased cardiac compliance (squeezed and obstructed)

40
Q

obstructive shock is associated with

A

PE

Cardiology (7 decks)

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