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NU FS midterm 1 > Ca2+ nutrition around the world > Flashcards

Ca2+ nutrition around the world Flashcards

1
Q

where is most calcium stored in body?

A

in bones + teeth as calcium hydroxyapatite

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2
Q

what nutrients are involved in making bones strong?

A

calcium, vit D, vit K. some say minimize animal protein bc it leaches Ca2+ from the bones to neutralize it’s acidity.

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3
Q

source of vit d?

A

diet, supplements, sunshine.

–> without, causes rickets + poorly mineralized bones.

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4
Q

vit k = source? helpful for what in bone?

A

brocolli, brussel sprouts, romain lettuce. important for bone integrity.

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5
Q

what’s a non-food factor important in healthy bones?

A

weight-bearing exercise

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6
Q

what is RDA?

A

recommended dietary allowance.
- average daily dietary intake level ,sufficient to meet nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals in life-stage + gender group.

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7
Q

RDAs = Calcium in Canada

A

Canada: 1000 mg - 4-8yoa. 1300mg 9-18 yoa, 1000 mg 19-50 yoa.

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8
Q

do canadian adult males meet dail requirement? canadian adult females?

A

males yes @ 1100 mg/day. females no ! 867mg/day

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9
Q

India RDA for calcium

A

600mg - 1-9yoa. 800 mg 10-17yoa. 600mg adults

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10
Q

Japan RDA for calcium

    • mean intake?
    • deficient? bone density loss?
A

650mg F 15-29 yoa. 800mg M 15-29 yoa
- mean intake: 550mg/day.
unlikely that deficient bc high vit d = eat green leafy veg, lots of sun + lots of fish. makes up for it. As well, phystoestrogens found in soy beans. protective in similar way as estrogen.

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11
Q

health canada food recommendations for calcium

  • > servings?
  • > why alternatives recommended?
A

milk (alternatives + products), fish with soft bones that are eaten, dark green veg (high vit K + calcium. oxalates in veg bind to calcium = lower bioavail. but still some Ca2+.

  • > servings = adults 2-3; youth 3-4.
  • > alternatives for vegan, lactose intolerant + milk allergies
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12
Q

India food recommendation for Ca

A

milk, milk curd, nuts, millet, sesame seed + green leafy veg.
– mostly hindu in india => “pure” to drink cow’s milk. poor dont drink much tho bc expensive

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13
Q

Japanese food recommendation for Ca

A

milk, green/yellow veg, beans, small fish

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14
Q

calcium content depends on ?

A

species/breed.
cow vs milk will change [ca].
method of production, how foods are cooked, variations btw recipes of brands

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15
Q

cow vs water buffalo milk

A

both ruminants. cow = large quantities of milk; fat content similar to human milk.
water buffalo - major in india. fat content higher than human milk.

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16
Q

goat + sheep vs cow milk

– allergy?

A

g+s = less lactose.
sheep = 2x fat content of cow’s milk.
–> allergy to cow milk may also be allergic to goat and sheep

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17
Q

camel, yak - where consumed?

A

camel - middle east.

yak - himalayas + tibet

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18
Q

Reindeer + horse - where consumed?

A

R = nomads of Scandinavia. high fat content - energetically dense

H=mongolia, kasakhstan, kyrgyzstan. sometimes fermented to alcohol

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19
Q

calcium , lactose, vit D in 1 serving of milk? lactase non-persistent eat?

A

300mg ca; 12 g lactose; 100 IU vit D. lactase non-persist should be ok with one glass of milk.

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20
Q

lactose in icecream? yogurt? cottage chz? swiss chz?

A

IC =12 g; Y = 5 g; Cchz = 2-3 g; schz = 1g

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21
Q

calcium from milk and dairy - how?

A

mostly bc dairy products added to a lot of foods. pizza, lasagna, dairy desserts.

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22
Q

are dairy fats good for you? - longitudinal study of fatty acids assoc w dairy consumption
+/-

A
  • 22year. no assoc w coronary heart disease, stroke + dairy fatty acids.
    +: longitudinal study. biomarker in blood reduc reporting eror
    -: specific food eaten may have effect on health. salt in chz maybe related? also no control group of ppl who had 0 dairy in diet
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23
Q

are dairy fats good for you? 3 cohorts in US. longitudinal

A

replace 5% of energy from dairy fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids = lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

24
Q

environmental impacts on dairy consumption?

A

there are some. methane from cows.

25
Q

non-dairy sources of calcium

A

brocolli, almonds, flax, kale, sesame seeds

26
Q

calcium in soy?

A

300mg per 1 cup. = fortified like milk

27
Q

calcium in tofu?

A

234mg/150 g of tofu.

precipitate (calcium sulphate) to coagulate tofu protein.

28
Q

canada: non-dairy calcium foods.

A

dark-green leafy veg. calcium coagulated tofu, fish w soft edible bones, sea veg (ie kelp) seeds + nuts

29
Q

canada: non-dairy “milk”

A

soy, almonds, cashew, coconut, hemp, oat etc.
added Ca2+ and Vit D.
only soy in Canada food guide

30
Q

asia: non-dairy Ca2+ source

A

whole, small fish. seaweed, tofu.

31
Q

mexico + central america: non-dairy ca2+ source

A

corn boiled/soaked in lime-water solution. then ground into masa = tortilla dough

32
Q

europe: non-dairy ca2+ source

A

mineral water.

25% of ca2+ intake.

33
Q

insect nutritional values

A

crickets, grasshopper, ant, worm pupa, beef, fish
insect < meat in protein.
> in fat, calcium and iron

34
Q

function of vitD in body?

A

required for Ca2+ absorption in gut.

35
Q

vitD deficiency?

A

rickets, osteomalacia, tooth enamel defects.

suspected effect: asthma, autoimmune (arthritis, MS), diabetes + cancer

36
Q

maternal vitD + fetal development

A

developing fetus needs 25(oh)d (prehormone) for skeletal development, tooth enamel formation

37
Q

what is 25(oh)d?

A

calcifediol - prehormone of active VitD. hydroxylated vitD3.

38
Q

what is rickets?

A

poorly mineralized bone

-leading to fractures + deformity. predominantly due to vit D deficiency

39
Q

what is enamel hypoplasia?

1-ary teeth growth? permanent tooth growth?

A

teeth not developed properly if low VitD, Ca2+. enamel = hard but thin + deficient.
primary teeth begin to develop btw 6-8 weeks
permanent teeth in 20th week

40
Q

RDA for vit D - types of VitD?

A

1 ug = 40 IU.
1-70 yoa = 600Iu (15ug)
>71yoa = 800 IU (20 ug)

RDA based on minimal exposure to ensure adequate levels reached
D2 = ergocalciferol; D3 = cholecalciferol. RDA includes both.

41
Q

Health Canada - supplements. who?

A

breastfed infants. (400IU/10ug)
older than 50YOA (400IU/10ug)
at-risk: high pigment, low sun exposure.

42
Q

Canadian Cancer society - vit D recommendation

A

bc northern latitude, consider 1000IU/day.

43
Q

canada food guide to get enough VitD

A

2 cups milk per day.

>50yoa = supplement 10ug/400IU

44
Q

dietary sources of vit D- vary how/why?

A

animal feed, supplementation, sunlight, seasons impact vit D content in milk, dairy, meat, fish + eggs

45
Q

dietary sources of vit D

A

D3 (cholecalciferol) - fatty fish, egg yolk, organ meat, red meat

46
Q

fortified sources of vit D

A

cow’s milk + margarine = mandatory in CA
cheese, yogurt, alternate milks, juices - permitted to be fortified.
soy MUST have ca2+ and vitD comparable to cow milk.

47
Q

serving size + vitD of fortified milk, soy bev, margarine

A

milk: 1 cup = 100IU
soy: 1 cup = 100IU
margarine: 2 tsp =50IU

48
Q

vit D intake in CA

A

milk = 49% of vitD intake. meat 2nd place.

49
Q

mushroom + vit D

- type of vit?

A

source of ergosterol = vitD1. inactive.
precursor to vitD2 (ergocalciferol).
like in humans, UV radiation allow synthesis of vitD2 from vitd1. expose mushroom to UV to increase VitD intake
vitd2 not fully active tho

50
Q

asia - shiitake mushroom

A

dried, preserved. sun-drying enhances umami. transforms D1 -> D2

51
Q

groups at risk for vitD deficiency

A

darker skin, northern aboriginal - darker skin, longer winter.
light skin who avoid sun, religious dress, refugee from middle east, breastfed infant, elderly.

52
Q

rickets - nutrition transition effect on aboriginal

A

92/104 cases were FN, inuit, middle eastern. intermediate/dark skin.

53
Q

hhuman skin colour& vitD

scale?

A 
varies - dominant pigment = melanin. responds to solar radiation to protect skin. 
-> vitD3 synthesized when skin exposed to UVB. darker skin = less vitD made
Fitzpatrick. class I (very light) - VI(v dark)
54
Q

vitD natural selection hypothesis

A

northern latitudes = genetic selection for lighter skin = UV rays efficiently produce vitD from sun.
equatorial = darker skin to protect fro cancer

55
Q

why do inuit poplns haave darker skin?

A
  1. descendants of asian poplns. not enough time for natural selection to change skin colour. lots of vitD in fatty marine mammals. no vitD synthesized by skin bc of this.
56
Q

vitD supplements for?

A

ppale and very dark skinned.
pale = not enough time in sun before burn.
dark= not enough uvb penetration into skin to produce vitD

NU FS midterm 1 (22 decks)

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