CA2 Drug List Flashcards
Flash cards for the CA2 just on the drugs and their targets
[Pharmacogenomics] What does Warfarin target?
Target: Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1)
Type: Antagonist (Vitamin K antagonist)
Action: Inhibits VKORC1, reducing clotting factor synthesis and anticoagulating blood.
Pharmacogenomics: Genetic variations in the VKORC1 gene and CYP2C9 enzyme affect drug metabolism and dose requirements. Patients with certain VKORC1 or CYP2C9 variants may require lower doses to prevent bleeding risks.
Adverse Reactions: Bleeding, bruising, risk of severe hemorrhage with improper dosing
[Pharmacogenomics] Gefitinib
Target: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase
Type: Inhibitor
Action: Blocks EGFR signaling pathways, inhibiting cancer cell growth.
Adverse Reactions: Diarrhea, skin rash, liver enzyme elevation.
[Pharmacogenomics] Irinotecan
Target: Topoisomerase I enzyme
Type: Inhibitor
Action: Prevents DNA unwinding, inhibiting cancer cell replication.
Adverse Reactions: Severe diarrhea, neutropenia, fatigue
[Cholinergic Drugs] hemicholinium
Target: Choline transporter
Type: Antagonist
Action: Inhibits choline uptake, reducing acetylcholine synthesis.
Adverse Reactions: Not commonly used clinically; mainly experimental.
[Cholinergic Drugs] Vesamicol
Target: Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)
Type: Antagonist
Action: Blocks acetylcholine storage in vesicles.
Adverse Reactions: Not widely used; limited clinical data
[Cholinergic Drugs] Botulinum toxin
Target: Presynaptic neurons
Type: Antagonist
Action: Inhibits acetylcholine release, causing muscle paralysis.
Adverse Reactions: Muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, breathing issues.
[Cholinergic Drugs]Pralidoxime
Target: Acetylcholinesterase (after organophosphate poisoning)
Type: Agonist (reactivates enzyme)
Action: Restores acetylcholinesterase function.
Adverse Reactions: Dizziness, blurred vision, tachycardia.
[Cholinergic Drugs]Atropine
Target: Muscarinic receptors
Type: Antagonist
Action: Reduces parasympathetic effects (e.g., decreases secretions).
Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention
[Cholinergic Drugs] Bethanechol
Target: Muscarinic receptors
Type: Agonist
Action: Stimulates bladder and gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
Adverse Reactions: Sweating, nausea, bradycardia.
[Cholinergic Drugs] Pilocarpine
Target: Muscarinic receptors
Type: Agonist
Action: Increases secretions; used in glaucoma.
Adverse Reactions: Sweating, blurred vision, headache.
[Cholinergic Drugs] Succinylcholine
Target: Nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junction
Type: Agonist (depolarizing blocker)
Action: Causes temporary paralysis by sustained depolarization.
Adverse Reactions: Muscle pain, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia
[Cholinergic Drugs] Pancuronium
Target: Nicotinic receptors at neuromuscular junction
Type: Antagonist (non-depolarizing blocker)
Action: Induces muscle paralysis by blocking acetylcholine.
Adverse Reactions: Hypertension, tachycardia, respiratory depression.
[Cholinergic Drugs] Anticholinesterases (neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and parathion)
Target: Acetylcholinesterase enzyme
Type: Inhibitors
Action: Increases acetylcholine by preventing breakdown.
Adverse Reactions: Nausea, muscle cramps, bradycardia (varies with agent)
[Adrenergic drugs] Noradrenaline/Adrenaline
Noradrenaline / Adrenaline
Target: α and β adrenergic receptors
Type: Agonists
Action: Increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Adverse Reactions: Arrhythmias, hypertension, anxiety.
[Adrenergic drugs] Salbutamol
Target: β2 adrenergic receptors
Type: Agonist
Action: Bronchodilation (used in asthma).
Adverse Reactions: Tremor, tachycardia, headache.
[Adrenergic drugs] Phenylephrine
Target: α1 adrenergic receptors
Type: Agonist
Action: Vasoconstriction; increases blood pressure.
Adverse Reactions: Hypertension, reflex bradycardia
[Adrenergic drugs] Clonidine
Target: α2 adrenergic receptors
Type: Agonist
Action: Lowers blood pressure by reducing sympathetic outflow.
Adverse Reactions: Drowsiness, dry mouth, rebound hypertension.
[Adrenergic drugs] Propranolol
Target: β adrenergic receptors
Type: Antagonist (β-blocker)
Action: Reduces heart rate and blood pressure.
Adverse Reactions: Bradycardia, bronchospasm, fatigue
[Adrenergic drugs] α-methyl-p-tyrosine
Target: Tyrosine hydroxylase (enzyme)
Type: Inhibitor
Action: Reduces catecholamine synthesis.
Adverse Reactions: Sedation, hypotension.
[Adrenergic drugs] Reserpine
Target: Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)
Type: Antagonist
Action: Depletes norepinephrine, lowering blood pressure.
Adverse Reactions: Depression, nasal congestion, hypotension.
[Adrenergic drugs] Amphetamine, Ephedrine, Tyramine
Target: Adrenergic nerve terminals
Type: Indirect agonists
Action: Promote norepinephrine release.
Adverse Reactions: Hypertension, insomnia, tachycardia.
[Adrenergic drugs] Cocaine
Target: Monoamine reuptake transporters
Type: Inhibitor
Action: Blocks norepinephrine reuptake, increasing its action.
Adverse Reactions: Euphoria, hypertension, risk of addiction.
[Adrenergic drugs] Moclobemide
Target: Monoamine oxidase A
Type: Inhibitor
Action: Increases levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
Adverse Reactions: Insomnia, dizziness, nausea.
[Antihistamines] Chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine
Target: H1 histamine receptors
Type: Antagonist
Action: Reduces allergy symptoms.
Adverse Reactions: Sedation, dry mouth.
[Antihstamines] Diphenhydramine
Target: H1 histamine receptors
Type: Antagonist
Action: Reduces allergy symptoms, has sedative effects.
Adverse Reactions: Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth
[Antihstamines] Cetirizine
Target: H1 histamine receptors
Type: Antagonist
Action: Non-sedating allergy relief.
Adverse Reactions: Drowsiness (mild), headache.
[Antihstamines] Fexofenadine
Target: H1 histamine receptors
Type: Antagonist
Action: Non-sedating allergy relief.
Adverse Reactions: Nausea, headache.
[NSAIDS] Aspirin
Target: COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
Type: Irreversible inhibitor
Action: Reduces inflammation, pain, and fever; antiplatelet effect.
Adverse Reactions: GI bleeding, ulceration
Only aspirin can bind covalently to COX
[NSAIDS] Paracetamol
COX-3 selective inhibitor
Type: Weak inhibitor
Action: Reduces pain and fever.
Adverse Reactions: Liver toxicity at high doses
[NSAIDS] Ibuprofen
Target: COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
Type: Reversible inhibitor
Action: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic.
Adverse Reactions: GI upset, kidney issues.
[NSAIDS] Celecoxib
Target: COX-2 enzyme
Type: Selective inhibitor
Action: Anti-inflammatory with reduced GI side effects.
Adverse Reactions: Cardiovascular risk.
[Corticosteroids] Hydrocortisone
Target: Glucocorticoid receptors
Type: Agonist
Action: Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant.
Adverse Reactions: Weight gain, hyperglycemia.
[Corticosteroids] Prednisone/Prednisolone
Target: Glucocorticoid receptors
Type: Agonist
Action: Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant
[Corticosteroids] Methyprenisolone/Triamcinolone
Target: Glucocorticoid receptors
Type: Agonists
Action: Both drugs bind to glucocorticoid receptors to reduce inflammation and immune activity. Methylprednisolone is often preferred for its higher potency.
Adverse Reactions: May cause fluid retention, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and muscle weakness with long-term use.
[Corticosteroids] Betamethasone/Dexamethasone
Target: Glucocorticoid receptors
Type: Agonists
Action: Potent corticosteroids that modulate gene expression by activating glucocorticoid receptors, strongly suppressing inflammation and immune response.
Adverse Reactions: Long-term adverse effects include adrenal suppression, osteoporosis, mood changes, and potential Cushingoid features.
[PED inhibitors tutorial] Sildenafil citrate
Target: Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) enzyme
Type: Inhibitor
Action: Inhibits PDE5 in the smooth muscle of blood vessels, primarily in the lungs and penis. This leads to an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), causing smooth muscle relaxation and increased blood flow. It is primarily used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Adverse Reactions: Common side effects include headache, flushing, dizziness, visual disturbances (such as a blue tint to vision), and nasal congestion. Rare but serious effects include priapism (prolonged erection), hypotension, and sudden hearing loss.
