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Parasitology > Ca & Fe Mites > Flashcards

Ca & Fe Mites Flashcards

1
Q

Which arachnid parasites do we care about?

A
  • Burrowing mites
  • surface mites
  • ticks (hard & soft)
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2
Q

Defining feature of class arachnida?

A

8 legged adults

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3
Q

What are the types of burrowing mites?

A
  1. Sarcoptes sp
  2. Notoedres sp
  3. Demodex sp.
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4
Q

what are the types of surface mites?

A
  1. Eutrombicula sp.
  2. Cheyletiella sp.
  3. Octodectes sp.
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5
Q

What are the types of ticks?

A
  1. HARD (Family Ixodes)
  2. SOFT (Family Argasidae)
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6
Q

What is the life cycle of mites?

A
  • Adults (8 legs) on host lay eggs on host -> the eggs may not be susceptible to treatment -> eggs hatch into larvae (6 legs) on host -> larvae turn into nymphs (1 & 2; 8 legs) on host -> nymphs turn into adults
  • life cycle takes @ least 10-21 days
  • Note this does not apply to Eutrombicula (opportunistic & only come onto host as nymphs)
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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of mite acariasis?

A
  • range from no effects to severe dermatitis (mange)
  • hypersensitivity
  • excoriation & secondary bacterial infection
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8
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Burrowing mites?

A
  • dorso-ventrally flattened
  • short legs
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9
Q

Sarcoptes full name?

A

Sarcoptes scabei var canis

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10
Q

Sarcoptes host?

A
  • Dogs (mainly host specific)
  • highly contagious w/ other dogs, wild canids
  • transiently zoonotic (self resolving)
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11
Q

Defining features of Sarcoptes?

A
  • short legs
  • long unjointed pedicel
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12
Q

where do Sarcoptes live?

A

tunnels in the Stratum Corneum

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13
Q

What can Sarcoptes cause and what are the symptoms?

A

SARCOPTIC MANGE
- hairless areas (ears, elbows, ventrum, tarsal)
- INTENSE pruritus (Hidradenitis suppurativa)
- erythema
- crusts
- hair loss, excoriation
- hyperkeratosis
- +/- MITES

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14
Q

What is the host of Notoedres sp?

A

CATS
- highly contagious among Fe; transient zoonoses

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15
Q

Defining features of Notoedres cati?

A
  • smaller than Sarcoptes (need to know it came off of a Fe to ID)
  • adults do not survive in environment
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16
Q

Notoedres sp symptoms?

A
  • affects ears
  • then face, eyelids
  • +/- feet & perineum
  • intense pruritis
  • dry, crusty skin
  • hair loss, excoriation
  • hyperkeratosis
  • lymphadenopathy
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17
Q

What are the demodex spp in Ca?

A
  • D. canis
  • D. injai
  • D. cornei
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18
Q

What are the demodex spp in Fe?

A
  • D. cati
  • D. gatoi
  • other Demodex spp
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19
Q

Transmission of Demodex spp?

A
  • part of normal environment of animal
  • not zoonotic
  • not contagious (except potentially D. gatoi - amongst show cats)
  • no environmental survival
  • vertical transmission: from close contact w/ dam
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20
Q

Demodex under the microscope?

A
  • eight legs on thorax
  • live in hair follicles & sebaceous glands (may need to squeeze to see!)
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21
Q

Is seeing Demodex spp under the microscope clinically significant?

A
  • is the number of adults more than expected?
  • is there a lot of larvae and nymphs compared to adults? could mean they are breeding a lot
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22
Q

what is the clinical presentation of demodectic mange in Ca?

A
  • most are asymptomatic (normal fauna)
  • can have localized demodicosis, generalized demodicosis (juvenile or adult onset), or pododemodicosis
  • generally not pruritic
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23
Q

What is localized demodicosis?

A
  • IN YOUNG DOGS (3-18 MONTHS)
  • occurring around mouth, eyes, forelegs, rarely ear canals
  • focal alopecia, squamous, silver scaling, not pruritic, self resolving (most self-cure w/in 1-2 months)
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24
Q

What is generalized demodicosis?

A
  • OCCURS AT ANY AGE, PROGNOSIS BETTER FOR YOUNG
  • starts on face & limbs
  • generalized when > or = 5 lesions
  • pustular form
  • folliculitis
  • hyperkeratosis
  • painful, not pruritic unless secondary bacterial infection
  • even sepsis, & death
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25
Q

What is pododemodicosis?

A
  • may be a manifestation or sequelae of generalized form
  • least common form of disease (usually all 4 paws)
26
Q

What is demodicosis?

A
  • young animals (3-18 m): localized: excellent prognosis, often self recovery; generalized (family history, purebreds, severe stress): good prognosis w/ treatment
  • older animals (> 1.5 yr), generalized form: often underlying immune deficiency, concurrent disease, reproductive stress (heat cycles); poor prognosis, difficult to treat (60-80% cure rate)
  • isoxazolines, moxidectin/imidacloprid
  • antibiotics, nutritional support, grooming
  • do not use parents or pups for breeding
27
Q

What is feline demodicosis?

A
  • RARE
  • D. cati: eyelids, head, neck (localized often resolves spontaneously; generalized check for underlying disease (FLV, FIV) or after being put on an immune suppressing medication like prednisone)
  • D. gatoi: pruritic, contagious (often no underlying disease; in show & pedigree Fe)
28
Q

what are the defining characteristics of surface mites?

A
  • dorso-ventrally flattened
  • long legs
29
Q

What are the hosts of Cheyletiella yasguri?

A

DOGS

30
Q

What are the hosts of Cheyletiella blakei?

A

CATS

31
Q

What are the hosts of Cheyletiella parasitivorax?

A

RABBITS
- most common

32
Q

How contagious are Cheyletiella spp. in general?

A
  • contagious w/in & among spp
  • zoonotic
33
Q

Identifying features of Cheyletiella spp adults?

A
  • palpal claws
34
Q

How well do Cheyletiella spp. survive in the environment?

A

may survive in cool environment for > 10 days

35
Q

Clinical signs of Cheyletiella spp?

A
  • often subclinical
  • starts as dorsal scaling
  • +/- MILD pruritis, hair loss
  • rarely: hypersensitivity, miliary dermatitis, dorsal hypotrichosis
36
Q

What are the hosts of Otodectes cynotis?

A

CATS, dogs
- 50% of otitis cases in cats is due to ear mites
- < 10% of otitis cases in dogs is due to ear mites
- highly contagious, usually not zoonotic (transient zoonotic infections do occur)

37
Q

How well does Otodectes spp survive in the environment?

A
  • adults can survive in cool, humid environments for months
38
Q

Symptoms of Otodectes spp?

A
  • not always restricted to ears (can be systemic)
  • pruritis, head shaking, behavioural disturbances (hypersensitivity)
  • worse in young & immunocompromised
39
Q

What do Eutrombicula spp do?

A
  • FREE LIVING MITES
  • ONLY LARVAE ARE PARASITIC (6 legs) - wide range of hosts
  • zoonotic (but from environment, not host to host)
40
Q

defining characteristics of Eutrombicula spp?

A
  • 6 legs (larvae)!
  • plumose (feathery) setae
41
Q

Symptoms of Eutrombicula spp?

A
  • occur on head, ears, around eyes, feet (btwn toes), ventrum (inguinal)
  • can be mild to severe pruritis associated w/ stylostome (feeding tube that they leave behind)
  • infestation is transient
42
Q

How do we diagnose mites?

A
  • history & clinical appearance
  • sample outside of the lesions
  • burrowing mites: multiple samples, deep skin scrapings +/- potassium hydroxide (KOH) digest; biopsy can also work)
  • surface mites: tape, comb, vacuum, hand lens, fecal (in Fe b/c of how they groom themselves -> ingestion)
  • ear/nose mites: otoscopy/rhinoscopy & swab (mineral oil)
  • interpret results (remember: is a few demodex a concern? what about a ton of nymphs & larvae?)
43
Q

How do we treat mites?

A
  • macrocyclic lactones (oral, topical, parenteral): ivermectin, selamectin, moxidectin
  • isoxazolines (oral): increasingly on label
  • topical: lime sulfur dips, Amitraz dips
44
Q

What are the treatment conspecifics for Chyletiella spp?

A

Yes, treat all in contact pets (rabbits too!)

45
Q

What are the treatment conspecifics for Otodectes spp?

A

Yes, treat all in contact Fe & Ca

46
Q

What are the treatment conspecifics for Eutrombicula spp?

A

No, only treat if exposed to the same source

47
Q

What are the treatment conspecifics for Sarcoptes spp?

A

Yes, treat all in contact canids

48
Q

What are the treatment conspecifics for Notoedres spp?

A

Yes, treat all in contact Fe

49
Q

What are the treatment conspecifics for Demodex spp?

A

No, only treat affected individuals

50
Q

Is Cheyletiella zoonotic?

A

YES

51
Q

Is Otodectes zoonotic?

A

YES, but rare & transient

52
Q

Is Eutrombicula zoonotic?

A

YES, from environment

53
Q

Is Sarcoptes zoonotic?

A

YES, but transient

54
Q

Is Notoedres zoonotic?

A

YES, but transient

55
Q

Is Demodex zoonotic?

A

NO

56
Q

Can Cheyletiella survive in the environment?

A

YES, > 10 days

57
Q

Can Otodectes survive in the environment?

A

YES, months

58
Q

Can Eutrombicula survive in the environment?

A

YES, most of life cycle is outdoors

59
Q

Can Sarcoptes survive in the environment?

A

YES, weeks

60
Q

Can Notoedres survive in the environment?

A

NO

61
Q

Can Demodex survive in the environment?

A

NO

Parasitology (13 decks)

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