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PR3153 > CA Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

CA Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

True or False?

The forebrain includes cerebrellum and diencephalon.

A

False
The forebrain includes cerebrum and diencephalon.

(not cerebrellum)

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2
Q

True or False?

The hindbrain includes medulla oblongata, pons and cerebrum.

A

False
The hindbrain includes medulla oblongata, pons and cellebellum.

(not cerebrum)

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3
Q

True or False?

The brainstem includes forebrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

A

False
The brainstem includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

(not forebrain)

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves/pathways in the pons are associated with nuclei?

A
  • III, IV, V, visual and auditory pathways
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5
Q

Which cranial nerves/pathways in the medulla oblongata are associated with nuclei?

A
  • V, IX, X, XI, XII, cardiovascular and respiratory function
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6
Q

True or false?

The axonal cytoplasm lacks ribosomes, RER and Golgi apparatus

A

True

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7
Q

What does the fast component (50-400mm/day) and slow component (1-4mm/day) transport down the axon?

A

Fast: cytoplasmic proteins and macromolecules
Slow: cytoskeletal components

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8
Q

Complete the statement:

At the excitatory synapse: binding of ____ (neurotransmitter) to its receptors leads to opening of ____ channels in the postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarisation/depolarisation of the membrane, action potential in the post synaptic cell.

A

At the excitatory synapse: binding of glutamate (neurotransmitter) to its receptors leads to opening of Na+ channels in the postsynaptic membrane depolarisation of the membrane, action potential in the post synaptic cell.

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9
Q

Complete the statement:

At the inhibitory synapse: binding of ____ (neurotransmitter) to its receptors leads to opening of ____ channels in the postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarisation/depolarisation of the membrane, no action potential in the post synaptic cell.

A

At the excitatory synapse: binding of GABA (neurotransmitter) to its receptors leads to opening of K+/Cl- channels in the postsynaptic membrane hyerpolarisation of the membrane, action potential in the post synaptic cell.

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10
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • Myelin Sheath formation (white matter)
  • satellite bodies (grey matter)
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11
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  • Regulate the composition of the intercellular environment and the entry of substances into it
  • Provide structural support to neurons and specifically to synapses
  • Metabolise neurotransmitters (regulate homeostasis of glutamate)
  • Mediate the exchange of nutrients and metabolites between the blood and neurons.
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12
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A
  • phagocytic, are the brain macrophases/ immunocompetent cells of the CNS
  • enlarge and become mobile after injury to the CNS
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13
Q

Name 3 conditions that implicate microglia.

A
  • Alzheimer’s Disease
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Cerebral ischemia (stroke)
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14
Q

True or False?

The Perineurium is a layer of connective tissue around the entire nerve

A

False
The Perineurium is a layer of connective tissue around the each fascicle of nerve fibres. Around the entire nerve is epineurium.

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15
Q

True or false?

Endoneurium is a thick reticular layer that surrounds each fascicle of nerve fibre and contains Schwann cells.

A

False.
Endoneurium is a thin reticular layer that surrounds each individual of nerve fibre and contains Schwann cells.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank:

In CNS, individual ____ myelinate portions of several axons.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

Fill in the blank:

In PNS, individual ____ myelinate portions of a single axon.

A

Schwann Cells

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18
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Circle of Willis?

A

If one of the arteries become slowly occluded, blood can still pass around the other way to reach the affected area (collateral circulation).

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19
Q

Rupture in which veins will cause a subdural hemorrhage?

A

Superior cerebral veins

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20
Q

True or false?

The brain relies on the lymphatic system to remove pathogens and metabolites from the brain.

A

False.
Brain does not have lymphatic channels, thus relies on CSF to remove pathogens and metabolites.

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21
Q

What is the postsynpatic target for excitatory synapse?

A

Dendrite of neuron

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22
Q

What is the postsynpatic target for inhibitory synapse?

A

Soma of neuron

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23
Q

True or false?

Resting membrane potential (RMP) is constant for all individuals (regardless of disease state).

A

False.
RMP can be altered in diseased states (hypokalemia)

24
Q

Hypokalemia, a severe decrease in serum potassium, as for example in humans due to use of diuretic drugs. This will lead to the following changes in excitable membrane:
1. Hyperpolarisation of membrane
2. Depolarisation of membrane
3. Inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels
4. opening of voltage gated potassium channel
5. none of the above

Choose ONE of the following.

A
  1. Hyperpolarisation of membrane - leads neurons away from threshold potential
25
Q

True or False?

The depolarisation is due to net influx, not net efflux of cations to the inside of the cell.

A

True

26
Q

True or false?

An action potential is generated even if the depolarisation does not reach threshold membrane potential at trigger point.

A

False
No action potential generated if threshold potential not reached.

27
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The jumping from node to node by action potential. Helps to speed up conduction of action potential.

28
Q

What is the Broca’s area responsible for?

Neurological function

A

Expressing language

29
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?

Neurological function

A

Comprehending language

30
Q

What is the Subgenual ACC responsible for?

Neurological function

A

Feelings of sadness, depression.

Electrical stimulation of the subgenual ACC decreases activity in this region, decreasing depression symptoms

31
Q

What is the Hippocamus responsible for?

Neurological function

A

Declarative memory (conscious recall).

Damage to hippocamus can cause Alzheimer’s disease etc.

32
Q

What is the Amygdala responsible for?

Neurological function

A

Emotion and emotional memory. (mood changes)

Ability to discern others’ facial expressions and emotions

33
Q

Pain pathway from the spinal cord is known as the ____ pathway.

A

Spinothalamic pathway

34
Q

Touch pathway from the spinal cord is known as the ____ pathway.

A

Dorsal pathway

35
Q

True or false?

Neurons that connect the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex are second order neurons.

A

False.
They are third order neurons

IC3 Pg 6 for more details.

36
Q

What sensory processing is used as signals to relay information?

A

Action potential

Principles of sensory processing (1)

37
Q

Where does sensory signals travel along that ensures region specificity?

Signal from leg is processed as signal from leg and not hands

A

Topographic lines

Different populations of afferent relay information from different regions

Principles of sensory processing (3)

38
Q

Where does sensory signals travel along that give rise to its specificity in sensory processing?

What makes signals specific? E.g. pain receptors will trigger pain

A

Labelled lines
A receptor and its primary afferent that is labeled because normally they respond to only one type of stimulus

Principles of sensory processing (3)

39
Q

Which of the following two choices is likely to be correct on increasing the rate of electrical stimulation of the fibre?

  1. Increasing rate of electrical stimulation will evoke sensation of pain because of increased action potential discharge.
  2. Increasing rate of electrical stimulation will evoke increased magnitude of touch sensation because action potential discharge is increased.
A

2.

40
Q

True or false?

Frequency code = number of AP/ unit time
Population code = number of activated receptors

A

True.
Frequency: intensity
Population: area

41
Q

What are the two possible mechanisms of allodynia?

A
  1. Compromised inhibition (by loss of inhibitiory neuron)
  2. The nature of inhibition is affected such that the inhibitory neuron excites the spinothalamic neuron post-injury
  3. Sensitization (of the excitatory pathway)
42
Q

What is the cerebrellum responsible for?

Neurological function

A

Coordinated movement, balance, muscle tone

43
Q

What is the basal ganglion responsible for?

Neurological function

A
  • Initiation of movement
  • Selection of motor program
44
Q

Name one medical condition which involves basal ganglion disorder
(and its respective signs)

A

Parkinson’s Disease
Signs: tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia

45
Q

What is hyperlagesia?

A

an increased perception of pain evoked by a given noxious stimulus
(essentially: feeling 20 units of pain to a stimulus of 10 units of pain)

46
Q

What is allodynia?

A

when a normally non-noxious stimulus becomes painful
(essentially: not pain but feel pain)

47
Q

What is the concept of descending modulation of pain?

A

descending signal from the brain inhibit the transfer of signal from 1st order nociceptor fibre to 2nd order spinothalamic neurons leading to a loss of pain sensation (analgesia)

48
Q

What are some touch receptors?

A
  • Merkel Cell
  • Meissner Corpuscle
  • Pacinian Corpuscle
  • Ruffini Ending
48
Q

True or False?

Nociceptors encode information about the noxious stimulus and propagate the signal to the CNS along the spinothalamic pathway

A

True

49
Q

How does aspirin implicate sensitisation?

A

Overall: decrease sensitivity

Aspirin inhibits different COX at intermediate doses, blocking prostaglandin production, leading to analgesic and antipyretic effects.

50
Q

How does acetaminophen implicate sensitisation?

A

Overall: decrease sensitivity
Acetaminophen leads to both reduction in COX pathway in the CNS and antagonism of TRPV receptors

51
Q

How does Ubrogepant implicate sensitisation?

A

Overall: decrease sensitisation
CGRP receptor antagonist.

52
Q

What is the target protein for Ca2+ to release neurotransmitters into the synapse?

A

VAMPS: Ca2+ sensitive vesicle membrane proteins

Leads to vesicle docking to presynapse membrane, followed by fusion and exocytosis

53
Q

What are the functions of the blood brain barrier? (3)

A
  • Modulation of entry of metabolic substances
  • Control of ion movements
  • Prevention of access to CNS by toxics
54
Q

What are some characteristics of drugs that penetrate the BBB via transmembrane diffusion?

Think MW, lipid solubility

A

Low MW, High lipid solubility

55
Q

What are some factors that affect rate of uptake across BBB by transporter sytems?

rate of uptake of transporter systems is 10-fold of transmembrane diffusison!!

A
  • cerebral blood flow
  • co-factors
  • hormones/peptide modulators

idt this will be heavily tested ~ kenneth

PR3153 (10 decks)

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