C9 Crude Oils

Question 1

How is crude oils formed

Answer 1

50-100 million years ago tiny microorganisms living in warm seas died and sank to the seabed. Over time they were buried by layers of sediment. The sea evaporated, leaving layers of salt. Later more layers of sediment were departed, heat ans pressure turned the microorganisms into crude oils and nattual gases.

Question 2

How do we extract crude oils

Answer 2

We drill dowm through layers of imperable sedement rock to reach the resevoirs of crude oils and natrual gas trapped in the rock beneath

Question 3

What is crude oils a mixture of

Answer 3

Hydro cardbons

Question 4

What is used to extract crude oil

Answer 4

Oil rigs

Question 5

Finite

Answer 5

Resources that will eventually run out and will be unable to produce anymore

Question 6

Biomass

Answer 6

A range of animals and plants that is an organic matter used for fuels

Question 7

Mixture

Answer 7

Two or more substances that are placed together and can be physically seperated

Question 8

Hydrocarbons

Answer 8

A compund of only hydrogen and carbon

Question 9

How does fractional distilation seperate crude oils through fractions

Answer 9

The crude oil is heated to a vapour and pumped intona fractionating collumn which is hotter at the bottom and cool at the top. The hydrocarbons rise through the collumn and will cool and condense at the there respected boiling points.

Question 10

What happens to the hydrocarbons as you go up the tower

Answer 10

The hydrocarbon length gets shorter

Question 11

Shorter molecules

Answer 11

The shorter molecules means intermolecular forces have a lower boiling point and less viscous and more volitale and more flamable

Question 12

Longer molecules

Answer 12

Longer molecules have longer molecular forces have a higher boiling point and are more viscous and less volitale and less flamable

Question 13

What are alkanes

Answer 13

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons which has the maximum amount of carbons.

Question 14

List the four alkanes

Answer 14

Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10

Question 15

How to work out an alkane

Answer 15

Multiply the amount of carbons by 2 and then add 2

E.g. c30= 30x2+2=62 hydrogens

Question 16

What are fractions produced to process

Answer 16

They are processed to produce fuels and feedstock

Question 17

What happens during combustion

Answer 17

The carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised

Question 18

What is combustion

Answer 18

The gaining of oxygen

Question 19

What happens in incomplete combustion

Answer 19

If there is insufficent oxygen then incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces carbon monoxide which is a toxig gas and water

Question 20

What is the formula for insufficient combustion

Answer 20

CxHy+(x/2 + y/4)O2 ->xCO + y/2 H2O

Question 21

What is catalytic cracking

Answer 21

Passing a vapour over a hot powered catalyst in catalytic cracking

Question 22

What is steam cracking

Answer 22

Mixing the vapour with steam and heating to a high temperature which induces cracking in steam cracking

Question 23

Why is steam and catalyric cracking happen

Answer 23

Cracking involves heating the hydrocarbon molecules to around 600-700 degrees to vapourise them. These processes break covalent bonds in tge molecules causing thermal decomposition reactions. The molecules are broken up in a random way which produces a mixture of smaller alkanes and alkenes.

Question 24

What is the bromie water test

Answer 24

Alkane- no change in bromine water (stays brown and is saturated )
Alkene- the liquid changes to colourless (is not saturated)

Question 25

What hydrocarbon is unsaturated

Answer 25

Alkene is the unsaturated hydrocarbon because it has a double hydrogen bond and the bond can split.