C8: Thinking Flashcards
Prototype Model
creating new concepts based on how they compare to the “best example”(the prototype) - Eelanor Rosch
Loss Averse
potential losses carry a heavier weight than potential gain - possible to be due to emotional impact
Thinking
the mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world
Analogical Representations
Mental pictures that have a direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about, (clock = passing time), (maps = geographical layout)
Symbolic Representation
Abstract and do not have relationship to physical qualities of objects in the world (words, numbers, or ideas.)
Categorization
grouping things based on shared properties
Concept
A category or class of related items
Exemplar Model
idea that no concept has a single best representation, representation is made up of all examples (dogs)
Schemas
help us perceive, organize, understand, and process information, helping us act appropriately
Script
A schema that directs behavior over time within a situation (dining at a restaurant, you get seated, you order food, you tip the server)
Stereotypes
Schema that allows for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups
Heuristics
Shortcuts to reduce the amount of thinking behind decisions, done unconsciously and can lead to biases
Hindsight Bias
after-the-fact explanations
Anchoring
Reference point (anchor) in decision making normally first piece of information encountered (boy scout popcorn)
Framing
the emphasizing on potential loss or potential gain leading to different decisions (70% pass rate, 30% fail rate)
Availability Heuristic
the general tendency to make a decision based on the answer that comes most easily to mind
Representativeness Heuristic
place a person or object in a category if they are similar to the prototype of that category
Base Rate
how frequently an event occurs, people pay insufficient attention to base rate in reasoning
Affective forecasting
predicting how you will feel about things in the future - people tend to overestimate
Restructuring
representing/thinking about the problem in a new way (scheerer’s nine dot problem)
Mental Sets
Problem solving strategies that have worked in past - need to overcome to find solution (Luchins’s mental set - water)
Functional Fixedness
having fixed ideas about typical function of object - creates difficulties problem solving - candle problem (ducker)
Problem Solving - Algorithm
a guideline that if followed correctly will yield in correct answer (recipes, formulas)
Problem Solving - Working backward
proceed from goal state to initial state (water lily problem)
Problem Solving - finding an appropriate analogy
Transferring a problem-solving strategy means using a strategy that works in one context to solve a problem that is structurally similar.
Insight
Lightbulb moment (Köhler- chimpanzees and stick)
Intelligence
the ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental changes
Psychometric Measuring of Intellignece
Standardized test to assess mental abilities
Achievement test
standardized test to assess peopl’e current levels of skill and knowledge
Aptitude test
standardized test to predict what tasks and when jobs people will be good at
