C8: Thinking

Question 1

Prototype Model

Answer 1

creating new concepts based on how they compare to the “best example”(the prototype) - Eelanor Rosch

Question 2

Loss Averse

Answer 2

potential losses carry a heavier weight than potential gain - possible to be due to emotional impact

Question 2

Thinking

Answer 2

the mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world

Question 3

Analogical Representations

Answer 3

Mental pictures that have a direct relationship to the actual object you are thinking about, (clock = passing time), (maps = geographical layout)

Question 4

Symbolic Representation

Answer 4

Abstract and do not have relationship to physical qualities of objects in the world (words, numbers, or ideas.)

Question 5

Categorization

Answer 5

grouping things based on shared properties

Question 6

Concept

Answer 6

A category or class of related items

Question 7

Exemplar Model

Answer 7

idea that no concept has a single best representation, representation is made up of all examples (dogs)

Question 8

Schemas

Answer 8

help us perceive, organize, understand, and process information, helping us act appropriately

Question 9

Script

Answer 9

A schema that directs behavior over time within a situation (dining at a restaurant, you get seated, you order food, you tip the server)

Question 10

Stereotypes

Answer 10

Schema that allows for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups

Question 11

Heuristics

Answer 11

Shortcuts to reduce the amount of thinking behind decisions, done unconsciously and can lead to biases

Question 12

Hindsight Bias

Answer 12

after-the-fact explanations

Question 13

Anchoring

Answer 13

Reference point (anchor) in decision making normally first piece of information encountered (boy scout popcorn)

Question 14

Framing

Answer 14

the emphasizing on potential loss or potential gain leading to different decisions (70% pass rate, 30% fail rate)

Question 15

Availability Heuristic

Answer 15

the general tendency to make a decision based on the answer that comes most easily to mind

Question 16

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 16

place a person or object in a category if they are similar to the prototype of that category

Question 17

Base Rate

Answer 17

how frequently an event occurs, people pay insufficient attention to base rate in reasoning

Question 18

Affective forecasting

Answer 18

predicting how you will feel about things in the future - people tend to overestimate

Question 19

Restructuring

Answer 19

representing/thinking about the problem in a new way (scheerer’s nine dot problem)

Question 20

Mental Sets

Answer 20

Problem solving strategies that have worked in past - need to overcome to find solution (Luchins’s mental set - water)

Question 21

Functional Fixedness

Answer 21

having fixed ideas about typical function of object - creates difficulties problem solving - candle problem (ducker)

Question 22

Problem Solving - Algorithm

Answer 22

a guideline that if followed correctly will yield in correct answer (recipes, formulas)

Question 23

Problem Solving - Working backward

Answer 23

proceed from goal state to initial state (water lily problem)

Question 24

Problem Solving - finding an appropriate analogy

Answer 24

Transferring a problem-solving strategy means using a strategy that works in one context to solve a problem that is structurally similar.

Question 25

Insight

Answer 25

Lightbulb moment (Köhler- chimpanzees and stick)

Question 26

Intelligence

Answer 26

the ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental changes

Question 27

Psychometric Measuring of Intellignece

Answer 27

Standardized test to assess mental abilities

Question 28

Achievement test

Answer 28

standardized test to assess peopl’e current levels of skill and knowledge

Question 29

Aptitude test

Answer 29

standardized test to predict what tasks and when jobs people will be good at