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Psychology Mind and Brain > C7: Memory > Flashcards

C7: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve vast quantities of information from memory; result of brain injury or psychological trauma

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2
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

losing past memories; most common portrayal in media

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3
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

lose the ability to form new memories; more common

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4
Q

Priming

A

The facilitation of a response to a stimulus based on recent experience with that stimulus or related stimulus

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5
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Unconscious/automatic memory; (procedural, priming, classical conditioning, non-associative learning)

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6
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory that is consciously retrieved; (Episodic, Semantic)

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7
Q

Procedural Memory

A

skills and habits; resistant to decay (riding a bike)

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8
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory of past experiences that are identifiable by time and place (episodes)

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9
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Knowledge of concepts, categories, and facts independent of personal experience (don’t know when you learned it, Jell-O)

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10
Q

Brain Activation During Perception and Remembering

A

Activation in same regions

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11
Q

Encoding

A

the process of which the perception of a stimulus or event gets transformed into a memory

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12
Q

Dual-coding Hypothesis

A

Information that can be coded verbally and visually will be remembered more easily

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13
Q

Levels of Processing Model

A

deeply encoded items with more meaning are better remembered

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13
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

simply repeating the item over and over

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13
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

encodes information in more meaningful way; linking it to existing knowledge (semantic)

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14
Q

Schemas

A

Cognitive structures in semantic memory that help us link information to existing knowledge

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15
Q

Chunking

A

The process of breaking down information into meaningful units

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16
Q

Method of Loci

A

associating items with physical locations to remember them

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17
Q

Sensory Memory

A

a temporary memory system that stores sensory information, close to it’s original form

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18
Q

Iconic memory

A

ultra short term visual memory

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19
Q

Echoic Memory

A

ultra short term auditory memory

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20
Q

Working Memory

A

limited capacity cognitive system that stores and manipulates information for current use (what we are consciously focusing on) - disappears unless you actively prevent it from doing so

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21
Q

Memory Span

A

capacity of working memory - 7 items plus or minus two
increase w/ development
decreases w/ age

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22
Q

Long Term Memory

A

storage of information lasting minutes or lifetimes, capacity is limitless

23
Q

Serial position Effect

A

The finding that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order, easier to remember early or late in list

24
Q

Primacy Effect

A

better memorize beginning of the list - encoded to long term memeory

25
Q

Recency Effect

A

better memorizing the end of the list - still in working memory

26
Q

Consolidation

A

Gradual process of memory storage in the brain

27
Q

Donald Hebb - Hebbian Rule

A

Alterations in synaptic connection “cells that fire together wire together”

28
Q

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

A

strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons

29
Q

Doogie Mice

A

The finding that the NMDA receptor is involved in LTP through the modification in mice

30
Q

Why is slow consolidation beneficial?

A

allows for important memories to persist while others forgotten

31
Q

How does emotional reaction play in consolidation?

A

McGaugh - when events elicits autonomic arousal, the amygdala influences consolidation in the hippocampus and basal ganglia

32
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Brown and Kulik - vivid memories of the circumstances in which a person first learn of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event

33
Q

Reconsolidation

A

re-storage of memory after retrieval, (functions: memory update and strenghening)

34
Q

Retrieval Cue

A

Stimulus that promotes memory recall

35
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of that experience (what you ate while on your first date)

36
Q

Context-dependent memory

A

the recall of a situation is similar to encoding situation

37
Q

State-dependent memory

A

when person’s internal state enhances recall and matches the encoding state

38
Q

Prospective Memory

A

involves remembering to do something at a future time

39
Q

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A

Impairment of the ability to recall an item in the future after retrieving a related item from long-term memory

40
Q

Savings

A

difference between original learning and relearning

41
Q

Proactive Interference

A

when old information inhibits the ability to remember new information

42
Q

Retroactive interference

A

when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

43
Q

Blocking

A

The temporary inability to remember something, due to interference with similar memories

44
Q

Absentmindedness

A

inattentive or shallow coding of memories due to failing to pay attention

45
Q

persistence

A

continual reoccurment of unwanted memories

46
Q

Memory Bias

A

the changing of memories over time so they become consistent with current beliefs, knowledge, or attitudes

47
Q

Source Misattribution

A

people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstance involved in memory

48
Q

Source Amnesia

A

people have a memory for an event but cannot remember where they encountered the information

49
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

people think they have come up with a new idea, instead retrieved an older idea

50
Q

Suggestibility

A

developing biased memories when provided with misleading information

51
Q

False Memories

A

Confusing a mental image with a real memory

52
Q

Repressed Memories

A

Critiques argue that they are possibly just false memories

53
Q

Where is memory stored?

A

Cortex

54
Q

Where are memories consolidated?

A

Hippocampus

55
Q

Patient H.M

A

Medical Temporal Lobectomy, loss of the ability to encode new long-term memories but persevered STM

56
Q

Mnemonics

A

learning aids or strategy to improve memory that links incoming information to familiar locations

Psychology Mind and Brain (3 decks)

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