C7-Organic Chemistry KW

Question 1

Addition polymerisation

Answer 1

A reaction where many small molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers)

Question 2

Alcohols

Answer 2

Alcohols contain the functional group –OH. The first four members of a homologous series of alcohols are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

Question 3

Alkanes

Answer 3

Alkanes are the most common hydrocarbon found in crude oil. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2.

Question 4

Alkenes

Answer 4

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain, causing them to be unsaturated. They have the general formula CnH2n

Question 5

Carboxylic acids

Answer 5

Carboxylic acids have the functional group –COOH. The first four members of a homologous series of carboxylic acids are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid

Question 5

Amino acids (H)

Answer 5

Amino acids have two different functional groups in a molecule. They react by condensation polymerisation to produce polypeptides (H)

Question 6

Catalytic cracking

Answer 6

Long-chain hydrocarbons are heated to turn them into a gas. The vapour is then passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst. The long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the catalyst

Question 7

Combustion

Answer 7

Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy. During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised

Question 8

Complete combustion

Answer 8

Water and carbon dioxide are the only products of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

Question 9

Crude oil

Answer 9

A finite resource found in rocks. It is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried in mud. Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons

Question 10

Condensation polymerisation (H)

Answer 10

These reactions involve monomers with two functional groups. When these monomers react they join together and lose small molecules such as water (H)

Question 11

Cracking

Answer 11

A process that involves breaking down larger hydrocarbons to produce smaller more useful molecules. Cracking can be done by catalytic cracking or steam cracking

Question 12

DNA

Answer 12

DNA encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses. Most DNA molecules are two polymer chains, made from four different nucleotides, in the form of a double helix

Question 13

Esters

Answer 13

The product of a condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol. For example: ethanol + ethanoic acid → ethyl ethanoate

Question 14

Fermentation

Answer 14

A chemical process by which molecules such as glucose are broken down anaerobically. Ethanol is produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast

Question 15

Fractional distillation

Answer 15

A method of separating a mixture of substances according to their different boiling points. Commonly used to separate crude oil into different fractions

Question 16

Nucleotides

Answer 16

The monomers which make up DNA

Question 16

Homologous series

Answer 16

A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties

Question 17

Polymers

Answer 17

Large long-chain molecules made up of lots of small monomers joined together by covalent bonds

Question 17

Hydrocarbons

Answer 17

Molecules that are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only

Question 18

Polyesters (H)

Answer 18

A category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Formed from condensation polymerisation (H)

Question 19

Polypeptide

Answer 19

A chain of amino acids

Question 20

Repeat unit

Answer 20

The part of a polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain

Question 21

Steam cracking

Answer 21

Long-chain hydrocarbons are heated to turn them into a gas. The hydrocarbon vapour is then mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature which caused them to split into smaller molecules