C7 organic chemistry Flashcards
what is crude oil made of
ancient remains of biomass, usually plankton
what specifically turns the biomass into a liquid
high pressures and temperatures
what is a hydrocarbon
molecules made of hydrogen and carbon exclusively
what is an alkane
carbon and hydrogen bonded by single bonds
what is the alkane formula
CnH2n+2
name the first four alkanes
methane, ethane, propane, butane
how is crude oil made ‘useful’
by seperating it into fractions which will have a similar number of carbon atoms
what is feedstock
raw material used for an industrial process
describe the process of fractional distilation
“1- crude oil is heated and evaporated. 2- vapour is passed into fractionating column
3- column is hottest at the bottom and fractions with highest boiling points settle there
4- boiling points decrease as you go up the fractionating column”
what are three characterisitics of high boiling point hydrocarbons
larger molecules, high viscosity, low flammability
what are the two types of cracking
steam cracking and cataltytic cracking
what is a petrochemical
chemicals that use crude oil fractions as feedstock
describe catalytic cracking
crude oil is vapourised, heated to 550C, passed over catalyst containing aluminium oxide
what is cracking and why is it needed
it is breaking long molecules into smaller molecules, because they’re more in demand
what comes as a result of cracking
alkenes
why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes
the double bond can break off to join other molecules
what is the alkene formula
CnH2n
how is an alkene detected
turns bromine water from orange to colourless
what is produced during the combustion of a hydrocarbon
carbon dioxide + water
in terms of energy, what does fuel do during combustion
It turns chemical energy into thermal energy
what is a functional group, and what is alkene’s functional group
the extra bit on from alkenes. c–c
what is an addition reaction
reactions in which molecules get larger by bonding with new atoms
what is the functional group of an alcohol
-OH
how do you calculate the formula of an alcohol
same as its alkene except -1H which is instead added on with the OH
how are solutions of ethanol produced
when sugar solutions are fermented with yeast
what is produced when an alcohol reacts with an oxidising agent
a carboxylic acid + water
what is the fucntional group of a carboxylci acid
COOH
what is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with carbonate
salt, water, co2
what occurs when a carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol
an ester + water is produced
name an ester
ethyl ethonoate
describe addition polymerisation
a series of alkene monomers join by their double bond breaking to form poly(chemical)
describe condensation polymerisation
“a dicarboxylic acid and a diol react. This causes water to form and a COO at the interlink.
It is then altered to form a repeating unit, therefore another water is formed through 2
H’s and one O being chopped”
hwo would you represent ethanoic acid
second C has no H bond. double bond with O to the north east and single with O-H
state four naturally occurring polymers
DNA. proteins. Starch. Cellulose
state the corresponding monomers
nucleotides. Amino acids. Sugar molecules. Sugar molecules.
