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Chemistry 2 > C7 organic chemistry > Flashcards

C7 organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

fuel + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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2
Q

What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?

A

fuel + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + water + carbon (soot)

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3
Q

Why should sulfur be removed from petrol?

A

Sulfur produces sulfur dioxide which can cause acid rain

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4
Q

Describe a test for ethene and give the result.

A

Mix with bromine water. Turns orange to colourless

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5
Q

Explain how carbon monoxide is produced.

A

Incomplete combustion due to a limited supply of oxygen

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6
Q

How can different forms of poly(ethene) be produced from ethene?

A

Using different reaction conditions (like temperature and pressure)

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7
Q

Why does a thermosetting polymer not melt and a thermosoftening polymer melt?

A
  • It has crosslinks between chains which are held in position so chains can’t slide over each other
  • It has no crosslinks and weak intermolecular forces between chains which require little energy to overcome
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8
Q

Name two naturally occurring polymers produced from glucose

A
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
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9
Q

Compare addition and condensation polymerisation (2)

A
  • Addition only one product condensation also small molecules like water
  • Addition produced from one monomer (alkenes) wheareas condensation produced from two different monomers with two of the same functional groups (‘di’), aren’t alkenes
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10
Q

Compare ethane with ethene
You should refer to:
* their structure and bonding
* their reactions

A

Structure and bonding:
- Both are hydrocarbons containing carbon and hydrogen atoms only
- Ethane contains a single C-C bond whereas ethene contains a double C=C bond
- Ethane has 6 hydrogen atoms whereas ethene only has 4
Reactions:
- Ethene is more reactive
- Ethene can react with halogens, hydrogen and water whereas ethane can’t
- Both react with oxygen in complete combustion to produce water and carbon dioxide, ethene more likely to undergo incomplete combustion and burn with a smoky flame as some carbon particles unburnt

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11
Q

Describe how ethanol is produced from sugar solution

A

By fermentation: add yeast in anaerobic and warm conditions (30 degrees)

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12
Q

What type of substance reacts with an alcohol to produce a carboxylic acid?

A

Oxidising agent

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13
Q

Why does limewater turn cloudy?

A

Carbon dioxide present so precipitate formed

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14
Q

Describe the differences between cracking and distillation (2)

A
  • Cracking (can) involve a catalyst, distillation doesn’t
  • Distillation does not involve a chemical change (only physical) but cracking does
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15
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of poly(ethene)?

A

A:
can be recycled
durable
D:
not biodegradable
finite

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16
Q

What functional groups make amino acids?

A

NH2 (amine) and -COOH (carboxylic acid)

17
Q

Why do larger hydrocarbons condense lower in a fractionating column?

A

Higher boiling point so condense at the bottom of the column as it has a higher temperature

18
Q

Why are larger hydrocarbons not used as fuels? (3)

A

Too viscous
B.p too high
Not as flammable

19
Q

Explain why large hydrocarbon molecules are cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules

A

Smaller hydrocarbons have a higher demand as they are more useful as fuels and are used to make alkenes which are used to produce polymers

20
Q

Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions

A

Crude oil is heated and evaporates up the fractionating column with a temperature gradient (cooler at the top and hotter at the bottom) so fractions condense at different levels based on their b.p

21
Q

Describe how cracking is carried out

A

Heat and so vaporise the hydrocarbon and pass over a (hot) catalyst (aluminium oxide)

22
Q

Why can alkenes form polymers?

A

They have a double C=C bond which can be broken so alkenes can bond to other molecules

23
Q

Describe how ethene forms poly(ethene)

A

Double C=C bond is broken and many ethene molecules (monomers) join to form a large molecule

24
Q

Why do alkenes have different chemical properties from alkanes?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated with different homologous series to alkanes as they have double C=C bonds whereas alkanes have only single C-C bonds

25
Q

What ester is made from ethanoic acid and ethanol in the presence of a (strong) acid catalyst?

A

ethyl ethanoate

26
Q

Why in addition polymerisation does the repeating unit have the same atoms as the monomer?

A

No other molecule is formed in the reaction

27
Q

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

Two polymer chains made from four different monomers called nucleotides (A T G C) in the form of a double helix

28
Q

What type of monomer is the naturally occurring polymer protein made of?

A

Different amino acids combined in the same chain

29
Q

Why may graphs with one quadrant not be suitable to show negative results?

A

Result wouldn’t fit on the graph

30
Q

What happens in addition reactions?

A

Double bond breaks to form two extra bonds

31
Q

How do you know ethanoic acid is a weak acid?

A

It has a reversible reaction so it doesn’t completely ionise into H+ ions - it partially ionises in aqueous solution

32
Q

What is the formula for propanoic acid?

A

CH3CH2COOH

33
Q

What gas is produced when sodium is added to ethanol?

A

Hydrogen

34
Q

Explain what happens to the mass of a flask and contents when ethnic acid and zinc carbonate react in an open flask

A

Mass decreases as carbon dioxide gas is produced which escapes from the open flask

35
Q

What polymers are biodegradable?

A

Condensation polymers

36
Q

What type of reaction is cracking and explain it

A

Splitting large chain hydrocarbons into smaller chain hydrocarbons + alkenes by heating (thermal decomposition reaction)

37
Q

Describe the 3 addition reactions with alkenes

A

HYDROGENATION
- produces an alkane from a nickel catalyst
HYDRATION
- produces an alcohol when water is heated to steam and phosphoric acid catalyst present
HALOGENATION
- produces a dihaloalkane

38
Q

Explain how ethanol is made from glucose and the name of the process

A

ferment(ation)
add yeast
in anaerobic (conditions)
or
warm
in a fermentor

Chemistry 2 (5 decks)

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