Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry Paper 2 > C7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Layers of rock build up over dead matter.
Pressure and heat are applied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are crude oil’s uses?

A

Burned for energy - electricity, transport, heating
Bitumen (roads)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made of only hydrogen and carbon, where all the bonds are single.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the formula for all alkanes?

A

C(n) H (2n+2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the chemical symbol for methane?

A

CH(4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the chemical symbol for ethane?

A

C(2)H(6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the chemical symbol for propane?

A

C(3)H(8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the chemical symbol for butane?

A

C(4)H(10)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does volatility mean?

A

How easy it evaporates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

Thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the properties of short chain molecules?

A

Low boiling point
More flammable
Low viscosity
High volatility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the properties of long chain molecules?

A

High boiling point
Less flammable - smokey flame
High viscosity
Low volatility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do long chain molecules have a higher boiling point and are less flammable than short chain molecules?

A

Bigger molecules - stronger intermolecular forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is combustion?

A

An exothermic reaction with oxygen to release light and heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 things needed for combustion?

A

Fuel, oxygen and heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the reaction between a hydrocarbon and oxygen produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Because there is insufficient oxygen available.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What forms in incomplete combustion instead of carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon monoxide and carbon particulates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain the fractional distillation of crude oil.

A

Vaporise crude oil, remove residue.
Hydrocarbons rise.
As gas rises, temp. decreases.
At it’s boiling point the hydrocarbons condense and fractions seperated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of methan?

A

Methane + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + carbon + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down long hydrocarbons to smaller, more useful hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why do we use cracking?

A

Because long chain hydrocarbons are not that useful as they are thick liquids or solids with high boiling points so cannot be used for fuel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are two types of cracking?

A

Catalytic and steam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List the steps for catalytic cracking.

A
  1. Long HC chains are vaporised
  2. Passed over hot catalyst
  3. Heated to a high temperature
  4. Thermal decomposition breaks down chain
  5. Large chain splits into smaller chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

List the steps for steam cracking.

A
  1. Long HC chains are vaporised
  2. Mix with steam at a high pressure.
  3. Heated to a high temperature
  4. Thermal decomposition breaks down chain
  5. Large chain splits into smaller chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the formula for an alkene?

A

C(n)H(2n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the difference between an alkene and alkane?

A

Alkane is made up of single bonds (saturated)
Alkene has a double bond (unsaturated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the product of catalytic cracking?

A

An alkane and an alkene (splits into two chains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the product of steam cracking?

A

Lots of small molecules (alkane + lots of alkenes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens when an alkene is added to orange bromine water?

A

Bromine water is decolourised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens when an alkane is added to orange bromine water?

A

No reaction - stays the same colour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of organic compounds with the same functional groups and chemical compounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + carbon particulates + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Where a double bond is broken and two new single bonds form. To make one product.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How are alcohols made?

A

Alkene + water (hydrating an alkene with steam)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the general formula for alcohol?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does H2O split into in addition reactions?

A

OH and H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How does the length of the chain relate to how well it mixes with water

A

Short chains - mix well
Long chains - don’t mix well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

By oxidising alcohols with an oxidising agent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Are carboxylic acids unsaturated or saturated?

A

Unsaturated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does propanoic acid split into when ionised in water?

A

C2H5COO (negative) and H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Are carboxylic acids weak or strong?

A

Weak meaning they only partially ionise in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the general equation for a carboxylic acid and a carbonate?

A

Acid + carbonate –> salt + carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the equation for the reaction between butanoic acid and lithium carbonate?

A

Lithium butanoate + carbon dioxide + water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

Carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester - in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why is water formed as a by product when creating an ester?

A

OH is cut off from the carboxylic acid and H is cut off from the alcohol.

50
Q

What is the word equation for methyl and ethanoic acid?

A

Methyl + ethanoic acid -> methyl ethanoate

51
Q

What are the two types of polymerisation reactions?

A

Addition polymerisation
Condensation polymerisation

52
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule formed when small molecules (monomer) are joined together.

53
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Forms from a monomer with a double bond.

54
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Forms from monomers with two functional groups (diol and dicarboxylic acid) and produces a second product of H2O or HCI.

55
Q

What is the equation for condensation polymerisation?

A

Monomer –> polyester + water

56
Q

What does a diol and dicarboxylic acid form?

A

Diol + dicarboxylic acid –> polyester + water

57
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic material that makes up chromosomes.

58
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula C(n)H(2n+2).

59
Q

What are the physical properties of alkanes?

A
  1. First few in series are gases, then change to liquids, then change to solids.
  2. Boiling points increase as molecules get bigger.
  3. Viscosity increases as molecules get bigger.
  4. Volatility decreases.
  5. Flammability decreases.
  6. Poor reactivity.
60
Q

What types of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction.

61
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon (contains a double bond)

62
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Add bromine water.

63
Q

What happens during the combustion of alkenes?

A

Burns with a smoky flame due to incomplete combustion.

64
Q

Why do alkenes burn more often incompletely than alkanes?

A

Alkenes are more reactive because of their double bond, and therefore needs a rapid supply of oxygen.

65
Q

What are the characteristics of alcohols?

A

Dissolve in water to form neutral solution.
React with sodium to form hydrogen.
Burn in oxygen.
React with carboxylic acids in presence of acid catalyst to form esters.

66
Q

What are some uses of alcohols?

A

Fuels
Solvents
Drinks

67
Q

What are the characteristics of carboxylic acids?

A

Dissolve in water to form acidic solution (H+ ions)
React with metal carbonates to form carbon dioxide.
React with alcohols with acid catalyst to form esters.
React metals to give off hydrogen gas.

68
Q

What type of acid is carboxylic acid?

A

Weak acid.

69
Q

What is the word equation for the fermentation of glucose?

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

70
Q

What are the conditions required for the fermentation of glucose?

A

30 degrees celsius, aqueous solution of glucose, absence of air, yeast added.

71
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak?

A

They are partially dissociated in water.

72
Q

What is a dicarboxylic acid monomer?

A

Contains two carboxylic acid groups.

73
Q

What is a diol monomer?

A

Contains two alcohol groups.

74
Q

What is the ester link?

A

When the carbon from the dicarboxylic acid bonds directly to the oxygen from the diol.

75
Q

What is the difference between condensation polymers and addition polymers?

A

Condensation polymers are biodegradable because bacteria can break down the ester link.
Addition polymers are not as they are plastics.

76
Q

What is an amide bond?

A

Similar to an ester bond but with O replaced with N. Contains the C = O group.

77
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

Organic compound containing both a carboxylic acid and functionality (COOH) and an amine functional group (NH2).

78
Q

How do amino acids make proteins?

A

By numerous condensation polymerisation reactions. Amino acids (monomers), proteins (polymers).

79
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Made by the condensation polymerisation reaction of amino acids, but are shorter than proteins.

80
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Organic molecules made of C, H and O e.g. starch and cellulose.
Are polymers made of glucose.

81
Q

What is DNA’s structure?

A

Two polymer chains held together in a double helix.
Each polymer chain is made from 4 different monomers - nucleotides.

82
Q

What is an example of a condensation polymer?

A

Polyester.

83
Q

What molecule are addition polymers made from?

A

Alkenes

84
Q

What does addition polymerisation reactions require?

A

Catalyst
High pressure

85
Q

Properties of esters.

A

Sweet smelling
Volatile

86
Q

Esters usage.

A

Perfumes.
Food flavourings.

87
Q

How do you show carboxylic acids to be a weak acid with an equation?

A

Reversible equation symbol. Carboxylic acid -><- ionised version (e.g. propanoate ion + hydrogen ion)

88
Q

Why is crude oil a finite resource?

A

Because it takes longer to form than the rate at which we are using it up.

89
Q

Name the first 4 alkanes.

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

90
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A process used to separate mixtures of hydrocarbons with different boiling points.

91
Q

Which molecules are collected at the top of the fractional distillation column and why?

A

Small molecules as they have the lowest boiling point.

92
Q

Why is fractional distillation important?

A

Because the different fractions of crude oil have different uses.

93
Q

What is a fuel?

A

A substance that when reacted with oxygen releases energy.

94
Q

Name five fuels we obtain from crude oil.

A

petrol
diesel
kerosene
heavy fuel oil
liquefied petroleum gases

95
Q

What other uses are there for products of fractional distillation?

A

Solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents.

96
Q

Why are the reactions of alkenes with hydrogen, water and halogens known as “addition” reactions?

A

Because new atoms are being “added” to the molecule by breaking the double bond.

97
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with hydrogen?

A

An alkane.

98
Q

What conditions are necessary in the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?

A

60 degrees Celsius, nickel catalyst.

99
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with a halogen?

A

A halogenoalkene.

100
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with steam?

A

An alcohol.

101
Q

What conditions are necessary for the reaction of alkenes with H2O?

A

High temperature (to make steam), acid catalyst.

102
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

A

It forms a salt and releases hydrogen gas.

103
Q

What are the products of a combustion reaction involving an alcohol and oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

104
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process of turning glucose (a natural sugar) into ethanol.

105
Q

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal?

A

A salt and hydrogen.

106
Q

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal oxide?

A

A salt and water.

107
Q

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?

A

A salt and water.

108
Q

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate?

A

A salt, water and carbon dioxide.

109
Q

What conditions are needed to form an ester?

A

Heat. Sulphuric acid catalyst.

110
Q

What are the products of condensation polymerisation?

A

A polymer and a small molecule (usually water).

111
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A biological molecule with two functional groups.

112
Q

Which functional groups do amino acids have?

A

NH2 and -COOH

113
Q

What do amino acids form during a condensation reaction?

A

Polypeptides and water.

114
Q

What is formed from different amino acids combined in one chain?

A

Proteins

115
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

116
Q

What is DNA?

A

A large molecule containing genetic information.

117
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Two polymer chains made from 4 different nucleotides in the form of a double helix.

118
Q

Name four naturally occurring polymers.

A

DNA
proteins
starch
cellulose

119
Q

What monomers is DNA made of?

A

Nucleotides

120
Q

What monomers are starch and cellulose made of?

A

Glucose

121
Q

What is a halogenoalkane?

A

An alkane with two halogen atoms, one on each carbon where the double bond used to be.

Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions