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Chemistry Paper 2 > C10 - Using Resources > Flashcards

C10 - Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink.

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2
Q

What is not pure water?

A

Has dissolved salts and microbes but they are at low enough levels to drink.

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3
Q

Is not pure water potable?

A

Yes.

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4
Q

What are 3 sources of fresh water?

A

Ground water, lakes, rivers

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5
Q

What are 3 steps to make potable water from fresh water?

A

Choose appropriate source of fresh water.
Pass water through filter beams.
Sterilise water (kill microorganisms)

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6
Q

What are 3 methods to sterilise water?

A

Use chlorine, ozone or UV.

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7
Q

What is desalaination?

A

Removing salt from sea water.

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8
Q

How does reverse osmosis work?

A

Water put under high pressure.
Passed through a membrane.
Pores allow water molecules through but not most ions and molecules.

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of reverse osmosis?

A

Expensive membranes.
Large volume of water waste - low efficiency.

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10
Q

How does distillation work?

A

Sea water heated until it boils.
Salt remains in the liquid and the steam is pure water.

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of distillation?

A

Requires lots of energy to boil and condense the water.
The waste water is salty and can be difficult to dispose of without harming marine ecosystems.

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12
Q

What is the first step of treating sewage?

A

Screening - removing large solid particles.

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13
Q

What is the second step of treating sewage?

A

Sedimentation - solids sink to form sewage sludge, liquid remains above.

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14
Q

What is the liquid that remains above called?

A

Effluent.

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15
Q

What is the third step of treating sewage?

A

Sludge is dried and anaerobically digested (broken down by microorganisms)

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16
Q

What can the products of the third step of sewage treatment be used for?

A

Dried sludge used as fertiliser.
Digestion of sludge produces biogas which can be used for electricity.

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17
Q

What is the fourth step of treating sewage?

A

Effluent is aerobically digested in the presence of oxygen. This removes organic matter and harmful organisms.

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18
Q

What is a finite resource?

A

Can not be replaced once it has been used.

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19
Q

What is a renewable resource?

A

Can be replaced once it has been used.

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20
Q

What are the 4 main uses of the Earth’s resources?

A

Transport.
Food.
Heating.
Housing.

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21
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Using resources to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future.

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22
Q

What are sustainable methods for dealing with metals?

A

Recycling them.

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23
Q

What are sustainable methods for fuel for transport?

A

Use biofuels.

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24
Q

What are sustainable methods for electricity generation?

A

Use renewable energy.

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25
Q

What are 3 environmental problems with mining metals?

A

Destruction of habitats.
Use of fossil fuels in extraction.
Scarring of landscape.

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26
Q

What are life cycle assessments?

A

They asses the total effect of a product on the environment in it’s lifetime.

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27
Q

What are the 4 points assessed in a life cycle assessment?

A

Extracting and processing raw material.
Manufacturing and packaging.
Use.
Disposal.

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28
Q

Why is HDPE more dense that LDPE?

A

Chains are straight in HDPE, meaning they can be more tightly packed into an area.
There are strong intermolecular forces between HDPE molecules.

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29
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers?

A

Melt when heated as they have weak intermolecular bonds between molecules. Can be easily remolded.

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30
Q

What are thermosetting polymers?

A

Don’t melt when heated as they have strong crosslinks between molecules.

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31
Q

Where does water get released after sewage treatment?

A

Back into environment (rivers)

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32
Q

What are 2 methods used to desalinate water?

A

distillation
reverse osmosis

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33
Q

What needs to be removed from sewage and agricultural waste?

A

Organic matter and harmful microbes.

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34
Q

What needs to be removed from industrial waste?

A

Organic matter and harmful chemicals.

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35
Q

What are the advantages of recycling?

A

Less acid rain (metal ore lasts longer)
Less mining - less energy used for extraction

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36
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycling?

A

Difficult to separate metals from appliances.
Collection problems/ transport problems
Cost of transport

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37
Q

What is bronze and it’s use?

A

Alloy of copper and tin. Used for statues and decorative objects.

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38
Q

What is brass and it’s use?

A

An alloy of copper and zinc. Used for water taps and door fitttings.

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39
Q

What is gold and it’s use?

A

An alloy of silver, copper and zinc (usually). Used as jewellery.

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40
Q

What density are aluminium-magnesium alloys, and what is it’s use?

A

Low density. Used in aerospace manufacturing.

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41
Q

What are 3 steel alloys?

A

High carbon steel, low carbon steel, stainless steel.

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42
Q

What are the characteristics of high carbon steel?

A

Strong but brittle.

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43
Q

What are the characteristics of low carbon steel?

A

Soft and malleable.

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44
Q

What are stainless steels?

A

Steels containing chromium and nickel. They are hard and resistant to erosion

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45
Q

How are the properties of polymers determined?

A

Depend on what monomers they are made from and the conditions under which they are made.

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46
Q

What is the difference between HDPE and LDPE?

A

Both produced from ethene but using different catalysts and reaction conditions.

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47
Q

What is HDPE and LDPE?

A

High density and low density polyethene.

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48
Q

How is soda-lime glass made?

A

Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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49
Q

How is borosilicate glass made?

A

Made from sand and boron trioxide, melts at higher temperatures than soda-lime glass.

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50
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

Heating wet clay in a furnace.

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51
Q

What is an example of a composite?

A

Fibreglass - glass fibres bound together in a polymer, used for making storage tanks.

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52
Q

What are the conductivities of glass ceramics, clay ceramics, plastics and composites?

A

Low.

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53
Q

What are the melting points of glass ceramics, clay ceramics, metal alloys and composites?

A

High.

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54
Q

What is the conductivity of metal alloys?

A

Good.

55
Q

What is the melting point of plastics?

A

Usually low.

56
Q

What are the properties of glass ceramics?

A

Stiff and brittle.

57
Q

What are the properties of clay ceramics?

A

Stiff and brittle.

58
Q

What are the properties of metal alloys?

A

Quite malleable.

59
Q

What are the properties of plastics?

A

Flexible.

60
Q

What are the properties of composites?

A

Usually stiff and brittle.

61
Q

How are plastics made?

A

Polymerisation of monomers.

62
Q

How strong are composites?

A

Very strong.

63
Q

How strong are plastics?

A

Good strength.

64
Q

How strong are metal alloys?

A

Good strength.

65
Q

How strong are clay cermaics?

A

Strong under compression.

66
Q

How strong are glass ceramics?

A

Poor strength.

67
Q

What are composites?

A

Composites are a mixture of two materials with the product having a combination of the properties of each material.

68
Q

Why is borosilicate glass needed as well as soda-lime glass?

A

It has a high melting point so is used in lab equipment and cooking.

69
Q

Where is high carbon steel used?

A

Cutting tools as it is strong.

70
Q

Where is low carbon steel used?

A

Used to make screws as it is soft and easy to shape.

71
Q

Where are stainless steels used?

A

Construction as it is hard and resists erosion.

72
Q

Why does aluminium not corrode much?

A

A layer of aluminium oxide forms and prevents further corrosion

73
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Using bacteria to extract specific metals from their ores.

74
Q

What is the leachate in bioleaching?

A

The solution we get when a liquid passes through an organism, that contain metal compunds.

75
Q

What are the advantages of bioleaching?

A

Cheap
Environmentally-friendly
Can be used for low-grade ores, useful as high-grade ores have low availablility.

76
Q

What is phytomining?

A

When plants absorb metal compounds through their roots from the soil, and then are burned.

77
Q

What are the 4 steps of phytomining?

A

Plant absorbs metal compounds.
Plant burned to produce ash.
Acid is added to ash, producing a leachate.
Copper obtained from displacement reaction with iron or electrolysis.

78
Q

What is a leachate in phytomining?

A

Solution containing dissolved metal compounds.

79
Q

What are the advantages of phytomining?

A

Less air pollution.
Requires less energy.
Low grade copper ores can be used.
Reduces waste rock.

80
Q

What are the disadvantages of phytominning?

A

Produce toxic chemicals.
Slow.
Electrolysis requires large amounts of energy.

81
Q

What are 4 methods to extract a metal?

A

Electrolysis.
Reduction with carbon.
Bioleaching.
Phytomining.

82
Q

What are 4 methods used to prevent corrosion or rust?

A

Galvanising
Painting
Grease
Electroplating

83
Q

What is the word equation for rusting?

A

Iron + oxygen + hydrogen -> Rust

84
Q

What is rusting?

A

The corrosion of iron, which reacts with oxygen and water to form flaky iron oxide.

85
Q

What is patina?

A

A thin layer of green on the surface of copper.

86
Q

What is corrosion?

A

A metal breaking down by reacting with oxygen.

87
Q

What is tarnishing?

A

To gather a thin layer of discolouration by reacting with the air.

88
Q

What is a metal oxide?

A

A compound containing only a metal and oxygen.

89
Q

What is galvanising?

A

More reactive metal on surface to protect.

90
Q

What is electroplating?

A

Less reactive metal on surface to protect.

91
Q

What do new methods of mining avoid in terms of the disadvantages of traditional mining?

A

Avoids producing as much CO2 and SO4.
Avoids digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock.

92
Q

How is ammonia manufactured?

A

Haber process.

93
Q

What type of reaction is the haber process?

A

A reversible reaction with an equillibrium.

94
Q

Where is ammonia used?

A

It is an important industrial product used to make fertilisers.

95
Q

What is the symbol equation for the haber process?

A

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

96
Q

What are fertilisers?

A

Fertilisers are formulations which may contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds to promote plant growth.

97
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

Fertilisers that provide all three elements (nitrogen, phosporus, potassium)

98
Q

What is the word equation for the haber process?

A

Nitrogen + hydrogen ⇌ ammonia

99
Q

What are the common forms of nitrogen?

A

Ammonium salts NH4+
Ammonia NH3
Nitric acid HNO3

100
Q

What is nitrogen needed for?

A

Leaf growth
Green colour

101
Q

What is the common form of phosporus?

A

Phosphate rock (phosphorus oxides P205)

102
Q

What is phosphorus needed for?

A

New roots.
Makes seeds.
Fruits and flowers.

103
Q

What are the common forms of potassium?

A

Potassium chloride (KCl)
Potassium sulfate. (K2SO4)

104
Q

What is potassium needed for?

A

Strong stems.
Growth rate.

105
Q

How can you produce NPK fertilisers?

A

Reacting ammonia with nitric, sulfuric or phosphoric acid.

106
Q

What are the 3 types of ammonium salts?

A

Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate.

107
Q

What is the word equation for the production of ammonium slats?

A

Ammonia + acid -> ammonium salts

108
Q

How is phosphate rock utilised in the production of fertilisers?

A

Reaction with nitric, sulfuric and phosphuric.

109
Q

What are the products of phosphate rock with nitric acid?

A

Phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate.

110
Q

What are the products of phosphate rock with sulfuric acid?

A

Mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate.

111
Q

What is the product of phosphate rock with phosphuric acid?

A

Calcium phosphate.

112
Q

Why is a compromise needed in the temperature conditions of the Haber process?

A

Low temp - rate is slow, but yield is maximised.
High temp - rate is fast, yield is low, heating is expensive.

113
Q

What is the comprimise for temperature conditions in the Haber process between?

A

Comprimise between rate, cost and yield.

114
Q

What is the comprimise for temperature conditions in the Haber process?

A

450 degrees celcius - rate is fast enough, yield is not maximised but still okay.

115
Q

Why is a compromise needed in the pressure conditions of the Haber process?

A

Low pressure - rate is slow, yeild is not maximised
High pressure - rate is fast, yeild is maximised but is expensive.

116
Q

What is the comprimsie of the pressure conditions of the Haber process between?

A

Yield, rate and cost.

117
Q

What is the comprimise of the pressure conditions for the Haber process?

A

200 atm. - cost reduced, yeild not maximised but still okay.

118
Q

What is the energy change of the forward reaction of the Haber process?

A

Exothermic - why decreasing pressure will cause a higher yield.

119
Q

Where are the highest number of mols in the Haber process the reactants or the products?

A

Reactants - why increasing pressure will cause a higher yield.

120
Q

List 3 conditions for the Haber process.

A

450 degrees celcius
200 atmospheres pressure
Iron catalyst.

121
Q

Where do the reactants for the Haber process come from?

A

Nitrogen - from the air
Hydrogen - from natural gas

122
Q

How is ammonia removed from the reaction mixture?

A

By cooling, this liquefies the ammonia gas.

123
Q

What happens to unreacted gases in the Haber process?

A

Recycled.

124
Q

What property must fertilisers have?

A

Soluble in water so they can be absorbed by plants.

125
Q

How is ethanol produced from a sugar solution?

A

Fermentation.
Anaerobically digested.
30 degrees.
Add yeast

126
Q

What is the appropriate temperature and pressure used in the reactor in the Haber process?

A

450 degrees celcius.
200 atm.

127
Q

What type of metals are found found in catalytic converters?

A

Transition metals.

128
Q

Write a word equation for haber process.

A

Nitrogen + hydrogen -> Ammonia

129
Q

Write a symbol equation for haber process.

A

N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

130
Q

Where does nitrogen come from in the haber process?

A

The air

131
Q

Where does hydogen come from in the haber process?

A

Natural gas

132
Q

Why is ammonia important?

A

For making fertilisers

133
Q

How is ammonia removed from the reaction mixture?

A

Cooling - liquefies ammonia.

Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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