C7 Organic Flashcards by Freddie Dowland

What is crude oil?

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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What is crude oil formed from?

The remains of ancient biomass (mostly plankton) that was buried in mud

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What is a finite resource?

One that will run out

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Why is crude oil a finite resource?

Because it takes longer to form than the rate at which we are using it up

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What is a hydrocarbon?

A compound made of only carbon and hydrogen

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What is a general formula?

A mathematical formula which allows you to work out the chemical formula of a substance

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What is an alkane?

A saturated (only carbon carbon single bonds) hydrocarbon

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Name the first four alkanes

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2

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How does boiling point change with the length of an alkane?

The longer the alkane, the higher its boiling point

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How does viscosity change with the length of an alkane?

The longer the alkane, the more viscous (less runny) it is

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How does flammability change with the length of an alkane?

The longer the alkane, the less flammable it is

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What is fractional distillation?

A process used to separate mixtures of substances with different boiling points

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What are the steps involved in fractional distillation?

Crude oil is vaporised, different molecules rise up the fractionating column and cool down. They condense at different points on the column.

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Which molecules are collected at the top of the column and why?

Small molecules as they have the lowest boiling point.

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Why is fractional distillation important?

Because the different fractions of crude oil have different uses

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What is a fuel?

A substance which when reacted with oxygen releases energy

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Name five fuels we obtain from crude oil

Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases

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What other uses are there for products of fractional distillation?

Solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents

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What is combustion?

The reaction of a fuel with oxygen

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What are the products of complete combustion?

Carbon dioxide and water

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When does incomplete combustion occur?

When there is not enough oxygen present

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What is cracking?

The process of breaking down a long alkane into a shorter alkane and some alkenes

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Why is cracking important?

Because smaller hydrocarbons are more useful than longer ones

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What are the two types of cracking?

Catalytic and steam cracking

What are alkenes

A different type of hydrocarbon which is more reactive than an alkane

What are alkenes used for?

As a starting material to make more useful chemicals

How do you test for an alkene?

React it with bromine water and it should turn from orange to colourless

What is an alkene?

A hydrocarbon with a double bond

What is the general formula for alkenes?

CnH2n

What does unsaturated means?

Contains carbon carbon double bonds

What are the first four alkenes?

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene

How is the combustion of alkenes different to combustion of alkanes?

Alkenes usually react by incomplete combustion so burn with smoky flames

Why are the reactions of alkenes with hydrogen, water and halogens known as "addition" reactions?

Because new atoms are being added to the molecule by breaking the double bond

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with hydrogen?

An alkane

What conditions are necessary in the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?

60°C, Nickel catalyst

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with a halogen?

An alkane with two halogen atoms, one on each carbon where the double bond used to be

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with steam?

An alcohol

What conditions are necessary for the reaction of alkenes with steam?

High temperature, high pressure, catalyst

What functional group do all alcohols have?

Name the first four alcohols

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

It forms a salt and releases hydrogen gas.

What are the products of a combustion reaction involving an alcohol and oxygen?

Carbon dioxide and water

Write a symbol equation for the reaction of methanol/ethanol/propanol/butanol with oxygen

E.g. C2H5OH + 5O2 → 2CO2 + 3H3O

Do alcohols mix in water?

Yes, as they both have OH groups

What is formed when alcohols react with oxidizing agents?

Carboxylic acids

What are the main uses of alcohols?

Solvents, ethanol used as drinking alcohol and a biofuel

What is fermentation?

The process of turning glucose (a natural sugar) into ethanol

What is required for natural fermentation?

Yeast (an enzyme), temperatures around 35oC, anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

What functional groups do all carboxylic acids have?

COOH

Name the first four carboxylic acids

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?

Not all their molecules ionise when in water

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal?

A salt and hydrogen

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal oxide?

A salt and water

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?

A salt and water

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate?

A salt, water and carbon dioxide

What is the product of a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

An ester and water

What conditions are needed to form an ester?

Heat and conc. Sulphuric acid catalyst

What is polymerisation?

The process of using small molecules (monomers) to make long chain molecules (polymers)

What are the two types of polymerisation?

Addition and condensation

What monomers are involved in addition polymerisation?

Alkenes

What type of monomers are involved in condensation polymerisation?

Ones with two functional groups (like a diol, dicarboxylic acid or an amino acid)

How are polyesters formed?

By reacting diols with dicarboxylic acids

What are the products of condensation polymerization?

A polymer and a small molecule (usually water)

What is an amino acid?

A biological molecule with two functional groups

Which functional groups do amino acids have?

NH2 and -COOH

What do amino acids form during a condensation reaction?

Polypeptides and water

What is formed from different amino acids combined in one chain?

Proteins

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What is DNA?

A large molecule containing genetic information

What is the structure of DNA?

Two polymer chains made from nucleotides in the form of a double helix

Name four naturally occurring polymers

DNA, proteins, starch, cellulose

What monomers is DNA made of?

Nucleotides

What monomers are starch and cellulose made of?

Glucose