C2 Bonding, Structure and properties of matter

Question 1

When does ionic bonding occur?

Answer 1

When a metal and non-metal react

Question 2

When does covalent bonding occur?

Answer 2

When non-metals react

Question 3

When does metallic bonding occur?

Answer 3

When metals react

Question 4

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 4

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 5

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 5

The electrostatic attraction between the positive nuclei of atoms and the shared, negative electrons between them

Question 6

What is a metallic bond?

Answer 6

The electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons

Question 7

What charge will an ion of lithium have?

Answer 7

1+ (one electron in the outer shell, needs to lose it)

Question 8

What charge will an ion of beryllium have?

Answer 8

2+ (two electrons in the outer shell, needs to lose them both)

Question 9

What charge will an ion of barium have?

Answer 9

2+ (group 2 so two electrons in the outer shell, needs to lose them both)

Question 10

What charge will an ion of fluorine have?

Answer 10

1- (7 electrons in the outer shell, needs to gain one)

Question 11

If something has gained electrons, what charge will it have?

Answer 11

Negative

Question 12

If something has lost electrons, what charge will it have?

Answer 12

Positive (because they have lost a negative!)

Question 13

What charge will an ion of oxygen have?

Answer 13

2- (6 electrons in outer shell so needs to gain two)

Question 14

What charge will an ion of Selenium have?

Answer 14

2- (group 6, so has 6 electrons in the outer shell and needs to gain two)

Question 15

Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when lithium bonds with chlorine

Answer 15

One electron lost from lithium and it is gained by chlorine

Question 16

Why do atoms transfer electrons in ionic bonding?

Answer 16

So that they can have full outer shells

Question 17

Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when lithium bonds with fluorine

Answer 17

One electron lost from lithium and it is gained by fluorine

Question 18

Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when magnesium bonds with oxygen

Answer 18

Two electrons lost from magnesium and they are both gained by oxygen

Question 19

Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when beryllium bonds with oxygen (3 marks)

Answer 19

Two electrons lost from beryllium and they are both gained by oxygen

Question 20

Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when magnesium bonds with chlorine

Answer 20

Two electrons are lost from magnesium and two different chlorine atoms each gain 1 electron

Question 21

Explain in terms of electrons what occurs when sodium bonds with oxygen

Answer 21

Two electrons lost from an oxygen atom from two different sodium atoms each gain 1

Question 22

Why don’t sulphur ions and oxygen ions form ionic bonds with each other?

Answer 22

Both have negative charges so would repel

Question 23

What is the name for the structure of a solid ionic compound?

Answer 23

Giant ionic lattice

Question 24

Define giant ionic lattice

Answer 24

A huge 3D network of ions

Question 25

State the melting points of ionic substances

Answer 25

High

Question 26

Explain why ionic substances have high melting points.

Answer 26

Strong ionic bonds between oppositely charged ions require lots of energy to break

Question 27

Will NaCl(s) conduct electricity and why?

Answer 27

No, because the ions are in a fixed lattice

Question 28

Will NaCl (aq) conduct electricity?

Answer 28

Yes, as the ions are free to move so can carry a charge

Question 29

Will NaCl (l) conduct electricity?

Answer 29

Yes, as the ions are free to move so can carry a charge

Question 30

What does molten mean?

Answer 30

Melted

Question 31

What does (aq) stand for?

Answer 31

Aqueous, which means dissolved in water

Question 32

What does soluble mean?

Answer 32

Dissolves in water

Question 33

What does insoluble mean?

Answer 33

Does not dissolve in water

Question 34

Magnesium carbonate is insoluble. What do you need to do before it will conduct electricity?

Answer 34

Melt it

Question 35

Sodium fluoride is soluble. Explain what the easiest way for it to conduct electricity is

Answer 35

Dissolve it in water because this does not require high temperatures

Question 36

Explain why chlorine and fluorine form covalent bonds

Answer 36

They are both non-metals

Question 37

What happens in covalent bonding?

Answer 37

Atoms share a pair of electrons

Question 38

How many covalent bonds will a group 7 element make?

Answer 38

1 as they need one more electron for a full outer shell

Question 39

How many covalent bonds will a group 6 element make?

Answer 39

2 as they need two more electrons for a full outer shell

Question 40

How many covalent bonds will a group 5 element make?

Answer 40

3 as they need three more electrons for a full outer shell

Question 41

How many electrons does hydrogen have when it has a full outer shell?

Answer 41

2 as the first shell only holds 2 electrons

Question 42

How many covalent bonds does hydrogen make?

Answer 42

1 as it only needs one more electron for a full outer shell. It also only has 1 electron to share!

Question 43

In ionic bonds, electrons are ___________________

Answer 43

Transferred from a metal atom to a non-metal

Question 44

What is the name given to the structure of diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide?

Answer 44

Giant covalent

Question 45

How many bonds does each carbon have in diamond?

Answer 45

4

Question 46

Explain why diamond has a high melting point

Answer 46

It has a giant covalent structure. The strong covalent bonds between the atoms require a lot of energy to break

Question 47

Explain why most giant covalent substances do not conduct electricity (3 marks)

Answer 47

There are no mobile electrons/ions to carry a charge

Question 48

Explain why graphite conducts electricity

Answer 48

Carbon only makes 3 bonds, each carbon has a delocalised electron that can move through the graphite

Question 49

Explain why graphite can act as a lubricant

Answer 49

Layers of atoms can slide over each other

Question 50

What is graphene?

Answer 50

One layer of graphite

Question 51

What is a fullerene?

Answer 51

Substance made of carbon atoms arranged in a cage

Question 52

What type of substance are methane and water?

Answer 52

Simple molecular (or simple covalent molecules)

Question 53

What is a molecule?

Answer 53

A group of atoms chemically bonded together

Question 54

Describe the structure of simple covalent molecules

Answer 54

Strong covalent bonds between atoms, weak intermolecular forces between the molecules

Question 55

What are intermolecular forces?

Answer 55

Weak forces between molecules which hold them together

Question 56

Explain why methane has a low melting point

Answer 56

It is a simple molecular substance with weak intermolecular forces between the molecules which require little energy to break

Question 57

What is a polymer?

Answer 57

Millions of small molecules called monomers joined together in a chain to form a large molecule

Question 58

Describe the structure of metals

Answer 58

Positive metal ions arranged in layers with delocalised electrons

Question 59

Explain why metals can conduct electricity

Answer 59

Delocalised electrons can carry a charge

Question 60

Explain why pure metals are soft

Answer 60

Layers of metal ions can slide over each other

Question 61

What is an alloy?

Answer 61

A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal

Question 62

Give a reason for alloying a metal

Answer 62

To make it harder, to make it less reactive

Question 63

Explain why alloys can be harder than pure metals

Answer 63

Different size of atoms disturb the layers to stop them sliding over each other

Question 64

Why do metals conduct heat?

Answer 64

Delocalised electrons can move and transfer energy

Question 65

What happens at the melting point?

Answer 65

A substance goes from solid to liquid or from liquid to solid

Question 66

What happens at the boiling point?

Answer 66

A substance goes from liquid to gas or from gas to liquid

Question 67

What is a nanoparticle?

Answer 67

A particle between 1 and 100 nm in size

Question 68

Why are nanoparticles useful?

Answer 68

They have a high surface area to volume ratio. This means they have unique properties and smaller quantities are needed to be effective

Question 69

What are some uses of nanoparticles?

Answer 69

They are used in medcine, electronics, cosmetics, sun creams, deodorants and as catalysts.

Question 70

What are some risks of nanoparticles?

Answer 70

They are still new so haven't been studied in detail yet and they may cause harmful effects to the human body