C7 Completing The Revolution 1789-1815 Flashcards
“Mr President”
C: No title for the POTUS yet
Ppl argue over the way to address POTUS, settled on “Mr President” instead of his highness etc
E: Sets precedent on presidential etiquette, gov’t i NOT a royalty
Judiciary Act of 1789
C: new govt needs judicial system
creates supreme court, 13 district courts, 3 circuit courts of appeal
State arguments presided over by the Supreme Court
E: more fed power
Alexander Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit
C: Lots of money owed to foreigners, and to ppl who helped the revolution (which was then bought cheaply by speculators)
Federal gov’t assumed ALL debt (including state debt), paid everyone back to build credit (got $$ from tariff and excise tax) so future investors would be willing to buy gov’t bonds and securities
Dem-Reps agreed to this in exchange for placing the capitol in the South -> political and economic power separated
E: Strengthened economy, federal gov’t got more power
Bill of Rights
C: guard states and ppl against abusive central gov’t
Free speech, press, religion, no quartering, justice in courts, ppl have rights not mentioned in BoR, states have control over everything not listed in constitution
E: prevents tyrannical federal gov’t
Branches of Gov’t
Legislative (congress)
Judicial (courts)
Executive (prez, executive dept took power away from congress)
Bank of the USA
C: Report on Public Debt, needed a way regulate economy
Created BoUSA private bank w/ shareholders, can print and back currency, regulate banks
Stock in bank payable in gov’t securities -> adds value to securities, bank has interest in fiscal stability and binds security holders close to nat’l gov’t
Tariffs
C: needed way to pay back taxes
Hamilton wanted high taxes on imports for revenue, protect US manufacturing from competition
E: Feds vs Dem-Reps disagreed -> lower tariffs than hoped, Hamilton also placed an excise tax (established nat’l power to internal taxation)
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
C: French Revolution -> French Republic -> French vs British war
US signed alliance w/ French royal gov’t (not the republic), Americans supported French
GW issued Proclamation of Neutrality, US can’t fight b/c Britain needed for trade and tariff $$
Dem-Reps and Americans support France but not war
E: stay out of European war (for now)
Citizen Genet affair
C: France and Britain intervened in US internal affairs
Genet sent to US as a minister, ordered to enlist aid w/ or w/o US consent
- commissioned privateers, spys
- opened French Caribbean to US trade (mercantilism vs free trade)
Left after his party fell from power in France
E: isolationism impossible
Jay Treaty
C: Get brits out of NW territory and forts
GW sent John Jay (chief Supreme Court justice) to negotiate -> brits promised to remove troops in exchange for most favored nation trading status
Better than having war, but rlly unpopular, GW defended it tho
E: unpopular act, thought Feds were suppressing
south opposition
Pinckney Treaty
C: needed actual borders w/ spain
Spain recognizes US neutrality, set florida borders on US terms, end Spanish claim to Ohio valley, US has unrestricted rights to Mississippi River for trade (HUGE)
E: very popular -> ppl less pissed, ratified Jay’s Treaty
US united and expansionist
Whiskey Rebellion
C: frontiersmen refuse to pay excise tax on whiskey
Excise officers, distillers who paid tax harassed, rebels attack
GW sent militia to quell whiskey rebellion, found no armed resistance
E: success, unlike shays rebellion, shows that Feds can control frontier and more successful than AoC
Political parties
C: differing viewpoints on how to run US gov’t
Feds: Strong central gov't Alliance w/ British Support base wealthy, manufacturers Loose interpretation of Constitution Leading figures: Adams, Hamilton
Dem-Reps Power to states (10th Amendment) France Strict interpretation Farmers (agrarian republic)
Washington’s farewell address
C: sets the precedent for 2 terms
- Parties are bad
- Stay away from European politics (isolationism)
E: not really followed ;/
XYZ affair
Jay’s treaty saw as sign of Anglo-American alliance, broke relations w/ US, attack US shipping
Adams sent 3 statesmen to France, officials (XYZ) demanded bribe, loan to France and apologize for bad remarks made -> delegates refuse
E: quasi-war in Caribbean, public hostility to French and Dem-Reps, allowed Fed-dominated congress to pass A&E w/o consulting Adams
Virginia Kentucky Resolutions
C: A&S pissed off Republicans (violate 1st Amendment)
Jefferson & Madison wrote resolutions for Virginia and Kentucky
- Reinforce 1st amendment
- constitution is a compact, states can nullify unconstitutional fed laws
E: “judicial review” given to states, very dangerous
Alien and Sedition Acts
C: XYZ + Quasit war -> public hostility towards French and Dem-Reps
Fed-dominated congress passed wartime measures w/o consulting P. Adams
Alien: extended naturalization time for citizenship (prevent them from voting), POTUS can detain and deport enemy aliens
Sedition: ppl spreading scandalous statements against US Gov’t or POTUS -> jail & fine (not against VP cuz Jeff is opposite party)
E: prosecution of republicans, republicans thought that it violated 1st amendment
Lead to Kentucky/Virginia resolutions
“Revolution of 1800”
C: Adams follows GW precedent, steps down after 2 terms
Peaceful transition between Feds & Dem-Reps
E: Constitution works, no fighting happened
Louisiana Purchase
C: French needed $ for war against Britain, couldn’t defend colony, also revolts in colonies
Sold western portion of America to the US very cheaply
E: Jefferson hypocrite (constitution didnt authorize buying territory, did it anyways), Jefferson became popular, US size x2, sustained “agrarian republic”
Strict vs loose interpretation of the Constitution
Feds: loose interpretation
Dem-Reps: strict interpretation (Jeffs a hypocrite)
Lewis and Clark
C: Louisiana purchase had lots of new land
Explored new lands, brought back data
E: confirmed that LP was very worth the price
John Marshall
Federalist judge, Chief Justice of SC, enacted decisions that strengthened central gov’t, sometimes in expense of state rights
Judicial Review
C: Marbury vs Madison
SC can rule laws unconstitutional, has greater power over other 2 branches
Marbury vs Madison
C: Adams’ midnight judges appointments, got kicked off by Jefferson
Wanted his job back, went to court
E: SC argued that the judicial act was unconstitutional so Marbury didnt get job back
-JUDICIAL REVIEW
