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OCR GCSE C4-C6 > C6.2- Organic chemistry (homologous series) > Flashcards

C6.2- Organic chemistry (homologous series) Flashcards

c6.2.1 - c6.2.4 (alkanes, alkenes, alcohol, carboxylic acids)

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1
Q

define an alkane

A

a saturated hydrocarbon with the formula Cn H2n+2, with the functional group CH^2

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2
Q

acronym to remember first 5 members of alkane/alkene/alcohol/carboxylic acid series

A 
M y
E lephant
P umps 
B alloons
P ainlessly 
Meth- 
eth- 
prop-
but-
pent-
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3
Q

what is the molecular formula for an alkane?

A

C H

n 2n+2

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4
Q

draw out the displayed formula for propane

A 
H H H
     |   |   |
H-C-C-C-H
     |   |   | 
    H H H
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5
Q

why are alkanes described as saturated hydrocarbons

A
  • They have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms

since they are joined by single covalent bonds

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6
Q

write out the word equation for complete combustion of alkanes

A

alkane + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide

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7
Q

how do alkanes combust in a poor supply in oxygen? (write out the word equation)

A

alkane + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + carbon + water

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8
Q

define an alkene

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon made of ONLY hydrogen and carbon atoms, which contain one double carbon carbon covalent bond

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9
Q

what is the molecular formula for alkenes?

A

C H

n 2n

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10
Q

draw out the displayed formula for butene

A 
H H H H  
     |   |   |   |
H-C-C=C-C-H
     |           |
    H         H

C4H8

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11
Q

what is different about the first 4 alkene molecules compared to alkanes?

A
  • there is no ‘methene’
  • as 2 carbon atoms must be present for a double carbon molecule to be formed
  • to produce an alkene
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12
Q

how do alkenes react with plentiful oxygen?

A

alkene + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

SAME AS ALKANE

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13
Q

how do alkenes combust with a limited supply of oxygen?

A

alkene + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + carbon + water

SAME AS ALKANE

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14
Q

define a functional group

A

atom/bonds in a molecule that determines the chemical reactions of an organic compound

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15
Q

what allows alkenes to undergo a wider range of reactions? (compared to alkanes)

A

a double carbon bond functional group

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16
Q

what are addition reactions, and give two examples of them

A
  • when an atom/group of atoms combine with a molecule to form a larger molecule (with NO OTHER PRODUCT)
  • reaction with alkenes + bromine water
  • reaction with alkenes + hydrogen
17
Q

what can the addition reaction between bromine water and alkenes be used to detect?

A
  • test for unsaturation (ie. whether hydrocarbon is an alkene or not)
18
Q

describe how the addition reaction with bromine-water works (not in terms of bonds)

A
  • bromine turns colourless with alkenes
  • stays orange-brown with alkanes
  • bromine reacts with alkenes, no reaction with alkanes
19
Q

describe what happens when hydrogen reacts with an alkene, and what the name for that type of reaction is

A
  • called an addition reaction

- an alkane is formed

20
Q

write down the word equation for an addition reaction with hydrogen and alkene

A

alkene + hydrogen -> alkane

21
Q

how do you identify if something is an alcohol (suffix)

A

ends with ‘ol’

ie. butanol

22
Q

what is the functional groups of alcohols?

- and what is it called

A

‘OH’

- called the ‘hydroxyl’ group

23
Q

what is the molecular formula for alcohols?

A

C H OH

n 2n + 1

24
Q

draw out ethanol

and state one thing that is special about how it is drawn out

A

C H OH
2 5

     H    H 
      |      |
H--C----C---O----H
      |      |
     H    H
  • the OH are separate at the side
25
Q

write out the word equation for the complete combustion of an alcohol

A

alcohol + oxygen -> water vapour + carbon dioxide

26
Q

write out the word equation for the incomplete combustion of an alcohol

A

alcohol + oxygen -> water vapour + carbon monoxide + carbon (ie. soot)

27
Q

how do you identify if something is part of the carboxylic acid homologous series? (in its name)

A

ends in ‘anoic’ acid

28
Q

what is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

- and whats special about tit

A

-COOH

C=O double bond at the top

29
Q

what is the molecular formula for carboxylic acids?

A

C H COOH

n 2n + 1

30
Q

why can carboxylic acids take part in different reactions to alkenes and alkanes?

A

as they have a COOH functional group

31
Q

draw out the structural formula for methanoic acid

A

HCOOH
…….O
…….||
H - C - O - H

  • remember it only has 1 carbon atom, and all carboxylic acids must have a -COOH functional group (so Cn = C0)
32
Q

draw out ethanoic acid

A 
.......H....O
........|.....||
H - C - C - O - H
........|
.......H

CH COOH
3

33
Q

draw out butanoic acid

A 
H  H   H     O
       |    |     |      ||
H - C - C - C - C - O - H
       |     |     |
      H    H   H

C H COOH
3 7

34
Q

name the first 4 carboxylic acids

A

methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

35
Q

how are carboxylic acids made?

A

when alcohols are oxidised using potassium manganate (VII)

36
Q

describe an experiment to produce ethanoic acid from ethanol

A

1) acidify potassium manganate VII with dilute sulfuric acid
2) and add acidified potassium manganate VII oxidising agent to the ethanol
3) colour changes from purple to very pale pink - therefore an acidified solution is made

37
Q

safety when making a carboxylic acid from an alcohol?

A
  • wear eye protection
  • stir reaction carefully (can be violent)
  • wear lab coat - potassium manganate can stain clothing + hands (i just thought of this so i’m not 100% sure)
38
Q

what can a carboxylic acid also be described as?

A

a weak acid (therefore reacts with metals, bases in the same way)

39
Q

what do salts produced with a carboxylic acid have the ending of?

ie. ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate
(write out all products of the reaction)

A

‘oate’

makes:
sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

OCR GCSE C4-C6 (12 decks)

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