C6.2 (2) Flashcards
define a polymer
large molecules built up from small units (or monomers)
how does addition polymerisation work?
in terms of bonds
- C=C double bond in alkenes is removed to produce a C-C single bond
- the bonds then join with unsaturated molecules to form a long saturated polymer
how do you produce an addition polymerisation reaction?
react alkenes together at high pressure and a catalyst
what is special about addition polymerisation reactions compared to condensation polymerisation?
- addition polymerisation only produces one product
how would you generally represent the product of an addition polymerisation reaction?
as a repeating unit (so the alkane , with two lines sticking out of the bracket), and a small n
- REMEMBER ALKANE NLY HAS ONE LINE BETWEEN THEM AS BONDS HAVE OPENED UP *
what does the polymer name depend on?
eg. if propene is monomer, what is the polymer name?
depends on the name of the monomer
- propene becomes poly(propene)
- MONOMER NAME REMAINS SAME, BUT BOND DIAGRAM DOES NOT*
what is an addition polymerisation reaction simply?
when small monomers (alkenes) join together to form one large polymer (saturated hydrocarbon chain)
what is a condensation reaction?
two molecules reacting together to produce one large molecule and a water molecule
how many functional groups must there be within a monomer for it to react? (during a condensation reaction)
- at least 2
what do functional groups allow a monomer to do?
join to another monomer (as it has one on each side so can form a long chain)
how many monomers does each polymer (produced by a condensation reaction) usually contain?
100s or 1000s of monomers
what functional groups react together to produce a polyester?
(and how many of each one)
2 -OH groups (from alcohols) - HYDROXYL group
2 -COOH groups (from carboxylic acids) - CARBOXYL group
what is produced when a polyester is formed?
- an ester group ‘‘-COO-“
- water
what functional groups react together to produce a polyamide? - and how many of each one ,k
(and what makes up an amide group)
2 carboxyl groups (-COOH)
2 animo groups (-NH2)
-CONH
why are polyesters given their name?
and name the bond
- contain many ester groups (-COO-)
why are polyamides given their name?
- contain many amide groups (-CONH-)
what is a real life example of a polyamide?
a protein
explain how water is produced when a polyester is made
- OH lost off COOH group
- H lost of OH group
- CO and O join together to make a polyester
- OH and H lost join to form water
how do you represent a polymer after a condensation reaction?
using block diagrams (each block would represent a hydrocarbon group)
what 3 factors are needed to carry out a Addition reaction?
- high pressure
- high temperature
- with a catalyst
(addition,. condensation can occur without a catalyst at room temp and pressure)
how would you produce a polyester in a school lab?
- heat together an alcohol + carboxylic acid
in presence of an acid catalyst
uses of polyesters?
clothing/fizzy drink bottles
ie. a polyester named PET
uses of polyamides?
clothing/ carpets
ie. polyamide named nylon
what is DNA?
a polymer made from monomers (called nucleotides)
what does a nucleotide (in DNA) consist of?
- a phosphate group
- deoxyribose sugar
- an organic base
what bond forms between opposite bases within DNA?
hydrogen bonds
how many naturally occuring proteins (she means amino acids) are there?
20
how do animo acids join from end to end?
as they have a reactive functional group on each end
what does sucrose consist of?
simple sugars joined together (glucose + fructose)
what determines the reactions of organic compounds?
the generality of reactions of functional groups
BASICALLY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTROL HOW ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REACT
define crude oil
a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (mainly alkanes)
why is crude oil able to be separated using fractional distillation?
as the different alkanes that make up the mixture have different boiling points