✅ C6.1 (2) - ethanol, alloys, corrosion Flashcards
c6.1.5 - making ethanol - just revision tho, ensure the making ethanol deck is done c6.1.10 - alloys c6.1.11 - corrosion c6.1.12 - reducing corrosion
what are the two methods of making ethanol? (and describe each one briefly)
fermentation - using yeast to catalyse the conversion of glucose solution to carbon dioxide and ethanol
hydration - obtaining ethene from crude oil and reacting it with steam
why is yeast added to the glucose solution in order for it to ferment?
as it contains enzymes which catalyse the conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide
positives of using fermentation?
- has a renewable resource (plant sugars)
- can carry out in a school lab
NOT A REVERSIBLE REACTION
conditions for fermentation to take place? (and explain why)
- not a reversible reaction
- 35C (too low = yeast cells inactive, too high = enzymes denature)
- atmospheric pressure
what is the word equation for hydration to occur (to produce ethanol)?
ethene + steam ⇌ ethanol
what are the conditions needed for hydration to produce ethanol?
- 300C
- 60 atmospheres
- phosphoric acid catalyst
- therefore only occurs in a
- exothermic reaction
REVERSIBLE REACTION
compare fermentation of sugars and hydration of ethene (6)
fermentation - low raw material cost - normal pressure + temp - low energy needed BUT - low percentage yield - low rate of reaction - low purity (more energy needed to extract product further)
hydration - high material cost - high pressure + temp - high energy needed BUT - high percentage yield (95%) - high purity (no by-products)
define an alloy
a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
STEEL
a) describe composition
b) property
c) uses
a) iron (mainly) + carbon + other metals
b) high tensile strength, ductile
c) buildings, bridges, car doors
what does it mean if a material has high tensile strength (simply)?
can be stretched/pulled a lot before breaking
why can steel alloys be designed for specific uses?
and give examples
- as more carbon added = harder - chisels (brittle)
- low carbon = easily shaped/softer - car body
- stainless steel = resistant to corrosion
DURALUMIN
a) describe composition
b) properties
c) uses
a) aluminium + copper
b) low density (stronger than pure aluminium)
c) aircraft parts
SOLDER
a) describe composition
b) properties
c) uses
a) tin + Lead
b) melts at a low temp (compared to tin + copper)
good electric conductors
c) joining electric components (without damaging)
- liquid solder into gap + solidifies fast
BRONZE
a) describe composition
b) properties
c) uses
a) copper + tin
b) stronger + harder than copper, resists corrosion (= useful for making propellers for ships)
c)
statues- metal artwork (resist corrosion)
Bells, cymbals
BRASS
a) describe composition
b) properties
c) uses
a) copper + zinc
b) conducts electricity, resists corrosion (=so useful for making pins in electrical plugs)
c)
- musical instruments and coins
why are alloys harder + stronger than pure metals?
- different-sized atoms (due to diff elements)
- so particles cannot slide over each other
- disrupts regular lattice structure of pure metal
neg of alloys disturbing regular lattice structure of pure metals?
alloys are less malleable + ductile than pure metal
what is corrosion?
the reaction of a metal with substances in the surroundings, such as air and water