✅ C6.1 (2) - ethanol, alloys, corrosion Flashcards

c6.1.5 - making ethanol - just revision tho, ensure the making ethanol deck is done c6.1.10 - alloys c6.1.11 - corrosion c6.1.12 - reducing corrosion

1
Q

what are the two methods of making ethanol? (and describe each one briefly)

A

fermentation - using yeast to catalyse the conversion of glucose solution to carbon dioxide and ethanol

hydration - obtaining ethene from crude oil and reacting it with steam

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2
Q

why is yeast added to the glucose solution in order for it to ferment?

A

as it contains enzymes which catalyse the conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

positives of using fermentation?

A
  • has a renewable resource (plant sugars)
  • can carry out in a school lab
    NOT A REVERSIBLE REACTION
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4
Q

conditions for fermentation to take place? (and explain why)

A
  • not a reversible reaction
  • 35C (too low = yeast cells inactive, too high = enzymes denature)
  • atmospheric pressure
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5
Q

what is the word equation for hydration to occur (to produce ethanol)?

A

ethene + steam ⇌ ethanol

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6
Q

what are the conditions needed for hydration to produce ethanol?

A
  • 300C
  • 60 atmospheres
  • phosphoric acid catalyst
  • therefore only occurs in a
  • exothermic reaction

REVERSIBLE REACTION

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7
Q

compare fermentation of sugars and hydration of ethene (6)

A
fermentation 
- low raw material cost
- normal pressure + temp
- low energy needed 
BUT 
- low percentage yield
- low rate of reaction
- low purity (more energy needed to extract product further) 
hydration
- high material cost
- high pressure + temp 
- high energy needed 
BUT 
- high percentage yield (95%) 
- high purity (no by-products)
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8
Q

define an alloy

A

a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal

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9
Q

STEEL

a) describe composition
b) property
c) uses

A

a) iron (mainly) + carbon + other metals
b) high tensile strength, ductile
c) buildings, bridges, car doors

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10
Q

what does it mean if a material has high tensile strength (simply)?

A

can be stretched/pulled a lot before breaking

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11
Q

why can steel alloys be designed for specific uses?

and give examples

A
  • as more carbon added = harder - chisels (brittle)
  • low carbon = easily shaped/softer - car body
  • stainless steel = resistant to corrosion
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12
Q

DURALUMIN

a) describe composition
b) properties
c) uses

A

a) aluminium + copper
b) low density (stronger than pure aluminium)
c) aircraft parts

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13
Q

SOLDER

a) describe composition
b) properties
c) uses

A

a) tin + Lead

b) melts at a low temp (compared to tin + copper)
good electric conductors

c) joining electric components (without damaging)
- liquid solder into gap + solidifies fast

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14
Q

BRONZE

a) describe composition
b) properties
c) uses

A

a) copper + tin
b) stronger + harder than copper, resists corrosion (= useful for making propellers for ships)

c)
statues- metal artwork (resist corrosion)
Bells, cymbals

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15
Q

BRASS

a) describe composition
b) properties
c) uses

A

a) copper + zinc
b) conducts electricity, resists corrosion (=so useful for making pins in electrical plugs)
c)
- musical instruments and coins

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16
Q

why are alloys harder + stronger than pure metals?

A
  • different-sized atoms (due to diff elements)
  • so particles cannot slide over each other
  • disrupts regular lattice structure of pure metal
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17
Q

neg of alloys disturbing regular lattice structure of pure metals?

A

alloys are less malleable + ductile than pure metal

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18
Q

what is corrosion?

A

the reaction of a metal with substances in the surroundings, such as air and water

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19
Q

what is the difference between rusting and corroding?

A

rusting is when either iron or steel corrode with oxygen and water

corroding is any metal’s reaction with surroundings

20
Q

what is the word and symbol equation for the rusting of iron?

A

iron + oxygen + water -> hydrated iron (III) oxide

4Fe(s) + 3O (g) + 2H O (l) -> 2Fe O H O(s)
2 2 2 3 2

21
Q

describe how the rusting of iron is a redox reaction

A

iron loses electrons (is oxidised)

oxygen gains electrons (is reduced)

22
Q

describe how a piece of iron would completely corrode away

A

1) surface reacts with surroundings
2) rust produce from corrosion flakes off
3) exposing fresh metal
4) which then reacts with surroundings
and the process repeats

23
Q

what is the word and then the symbol equation for how silver corrodes?

A

silver + hydrogen sulfide -> silver sulfide + hydrogen

2Ag(s) + H S(g) -> Ag S(s) + H (g)
2 2 2

24
Q

how is hydrogen sulfide produced?

A

naturally by bacteria

25
Q

which part of an object corrodes?

A

only the outer exposed surface

26
Q

what is the familiar orange-brown rust we see?

A

hydrated iron(III) oxide

27
Q

how would you set up an investigation to see what substances are needed for rusting to happen?

A
  • get 3 nails + 3 test tubes
  • first (with stopper/bung)
    with anhydrous calcium chloride (absorbs water vapour, keeps nail dry)
  • second with boiled water (w/ no dissolved oxygen) (with stopper)
  • third with air + water (no stopper on top)
  • record appearance
    rust on only 3rd test tube
28
Q

what conditions causes corrosion to occur?

A

the presence of water and oxygen

29
Q

how can you reduce corrosion?

A

make a physical barrier between the environment and the surface of the metal
- stopping air and water reaching the surface of the metal

30
Q

what are the 2 main ways corrosion can be prevented?

A
  • barrier methods

- sacrificial methods

31
Q

how does sacrificial protection work?

A
  • the metal (iron) you want to protect is in contact with with a more reactive metal, such as iron/zinc
  • more reactive metal corrodes first - it ‘sacrifices’ itself to protect the iron or steel
32
Q

in terms of electrons how does sacrificial protection work?

A
  • the more reactive the metal, the more easily it loses electrons
  • sacrical metals like zinc and magnesium lose electrons more easily than iron does
  • they are more readily oxidised than iron
33
Q

what is galvanising?

A

plating a layer of molten zinc onto an object to prevent air + water reaching the metal below
(acts as a sacrifical metal)

34
Q

how do barrier methods work?

and give 4 examples

A

prevent oxygen and water from touching iron/(surface of the metal)

  • painting
  • coating with oil,grease, or plastic
35
Q

explain galvanising, incl 2 things it does

A

MD..

Galvanising involves dipping the metal object in molten zinc. After it has cooled and solidified, the thin layer of zinc does 2 things:

  • it stops air and water from reaching the iron or steel below
  • it acts as a sacrificial metal so that the object is protected, even if the zinc layer is damaged

//AD…

  • is a barrier and sacrificial method
  • forms barrier around metal (reacts with surroundings and creates a ‘seal’)
  • but even when scratched/barrier is removed, acts as a sacrificial method as it is very reactive
  • so metal still does not corrode
36
Q

Alloys topic;

How is bronze helpful in artists work - due to its molten property

A

Molten bronze expands slightly as it solidifies, so it fills in tiny details in an artist’s mould

37
Q

Corrosion topic:

Tell me about the corrosion of silver. (4)
And how this is seen in objects made out of silver (trophies, jewellery)

A
  • silver does not easily react with oxygen in the air or with water
  • however, it will corrode in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, a gas produced naturally by bacteria
  • the hydrogen sulfide reacts with silver when oxygen and water are also present
  • the reaction corrodes silver, producing a thin layer of black silver sulfide, Ag2S
  • this makes objects made out of silver, such as trophies and jewellery, turn black, so they need to be cleaned
38
Q

The familiar orange-brown rust seen is ___.

Tell me about it.

A
Hydrated iron (III) oxide.
It easily flakes off the surface of the object, exposing fresh metal underneath.
39
Q

When can rusting continue until

A

Rusting can continue until an iron or steel object has completely corrodes away

40
Q

4 methods of rust prevention :

A
  • Painting
  • Coating with oil, grease, or plastic
  • Plating with zinc (galvanising)
  • Plating with tin
41
Q

Problems with paint, oil, grease, plastic coatings

A
  • If paint is damaged, rusting starts on the exposed metal
  • it continues underneath the paint
  • the paint eventually flakes off, exposing fresh metal to air and water
  • oil/grease/plastic coatings have similar problems
42
Q

Ferrous meaning

A

(chiefly of metals) containing or consisting of iron.

43
Q

Sacrificial protection is useful where __ is difficult

W/ example

A

Painting

  • ships have zinc or magnesium blocks bolted onto their hulls below the waterline
  • these protect the hull from rusting, but gradually corrode away and have to be replaced
44
Q

Iron rusting, half equation

A

During rusting, iron atoms lose electrons and are oxidised to iron(III) ions:

Fe -> Fe 3+ + 3e-

45
Q

How does metal plating work, in general

A

A layer of metal plated onto an iron or steel metal object prevents air and water from reaching the iron or steel below

46
Q

Tin plating, and its disadvantage

A
  • tin plating involves electroplating the steel object with tin, or dipping it in molten tin
    (- the inside of steel food cans is protected by tin plating)
  • however, tin is less reactive than iron
  • if the tin layer is damaged, the steel acts as a sacrificial metal for the tin, and it rusts even faster than normal