C6.1 - Improving Processes And Products Flashcards
What does essential element mean ?
One of the elements required for plant growth, including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium
What are the essential elements
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Whag does mineral deficiency mean
When an animal or plant doesnf receive enough of a mineral for healthy growth
What are rhe symptoms of nitrogen deficiency
Poor growth
Yellow leaves
What are the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency
Poor root growth
Discoloured leaves
What are the symptoms of potassium deficiency
Polr fruit growth
Discoloured leaves
What are fertilisers
A substance added to the soil to replace nutrients or minerals used by growing plants
What is the haber process? (Include formula)
An industrial process used to make ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3
What does raw materials mean
Substance obtained from the ground, air or sea
How is nitrogen obtained for the haber process
Nitrogen is manufactured by the fractional distillation of liquefied air
How is hydrogen obtained for the Haber process
By reacting natural gas (usuallt methane) with steam
How can you make potassium sulfate in the lab
Can be made from potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid
1) put dilute potassium hydroxide solution into a conical flask
2) add a few drops of single indicator phenolphthalein
3) Add dilute sulfuric acid H2SO4 from a burette, stopping when the indicator changes from pink to colourless.
4) add activated charcoal. This attracts the phenolphthalein
5) filter the mixture to remove the activated charcoal with the phenolphthalein attached to it
6) evaporate the water, leaving potassium sulfate behind
How to make ammonium sulfate in the lab
1) place the dilute ammonia solution in a conical flask with methyl orange indicator
2) Add dilute sulfuric acid H2SO4 from a burette, stopping when the indicator changes from yellow to red
3) evaporate
Batch process meaning
Chemical process that makes products in limited amounts at different times
Continuous process meaning
Chemical process that makes producrs jn large amounts all the time
What conditions are used during the haber process and why
1) A pressure of 200atm
- Higher pressure means position of equilibrium shifts to the right and the yield of ammonia increases
- the pressure cannot be too high as this is expensive to generate and dangerous
2) A temperature of 450°C
- the forward reaction is exothermic, so increasing the temperature causes the position of equilibrium to shift to the left and decreases the yield of ammonia
- the temeprature chosen is a compromise as a higher temp increases rate of reaction
3) an iron catalyst
- increases rate of reaction
- doesnt affect yield
What is the contact process
Industrial process used to make sulfuric acid
What raw materials are used during the contact process
Sulfur
Air (source of oxygen)
Water
Stages of the contact process (include equations )
1) sulfur burns in air to produce sulfur diolxide
S + O2 —> SO2
2) Contact process sulfur dioxide and oxygen react to make sulfur trioxide
2SO2 O2 —> 2SO3
3) carried out in 2 stels
Overall:
sulfur trioxide converted into sulfuric acid
H2O + SO3 —> H2SO4
Step 1: Sulfur trioxide passed through concentrated sulfuric acid to make Oleum
H2SO4 + SO3 —> H2S2O7
Step 2: Oleum added to water
H2S2O7 + H2O —> 2H2SO4
How is ethanol made by fermentation (include formula)
Through fermentation - ethanol and CO2 are produced from glucose solution using enzymes from yeast
Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol
C6H12O6 —> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
35°C
Atmospheric pressure
How is ethanol produced by hydration
Ethene + steam ethanol
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
Needs a temperature of 300°C
Pressure of 60 atm
Phosphoric catalyst
