C6.1 - Improving Processes And Products

Question 1

What does essential element mean ?

Answer 1

One of the elements required for plant growth, including nitrogen phosphorus and potassium

Question 2

What are the essential elements

Answer 2

Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium

Question 3

Whag does mineral deficiency mean

Answer 3

When an animal or plant doesnf receive enough of a mineral for healthy growth

Question 4

What are rhe symptoms of nitrogen deficiency

Answer 4

Poor growth

Yellow leaves

Question 5

What are the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency

Answer 5

Poor root growth

Discoloured leaves

Question 6

What are the symptoms of potassium deficiency

Answer 6

Polr fruit growth

Discoloured leaves

Question 7

What are fertilisers

Answer 7

A substance added to the soil to replace nutrients or minerals used by growing plants

Question 8

What is the haber process? (Include formula)

Answer 8

An industrial process used to make ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3

Question 9

What does raw materials mean

Answer 9

Substance obtained from the ground, air or sea

Question 10

How is nitrogen obtained for the haber process

Answer 10

Nitrogen is manufactured by the fractional distillation of liquefied air

Question 11

How is hydrogen obtained for the Haber process

Answer 11

By reacting natural gas (usuallt methane) with steam

Question 12

How can you make potassium sulfate in the lab

Answer 12

Can be made from potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid

1) put dilute potassium hydroxide solution into a conical flask
2) add a few drops of single indicator phenolphthalein
3) Add dilute sulfuric acid H2SO4 from a burette, stopping when the indicator changes from pink to colourless.
4) add activated charcoal. This attracts the phenolphthalein
5) filter the mixture to remove the activated charcoal with the phenolphthalein attached to it
6) evaporate the water, leaving potassium sulfate behind

Question 13

How to make ammonium sulfate in the lab

Answer 13

1) place the dilute ammonia solution in a conical flask with methyl orange indicator
2) Add dilute sulfuric acid H2SO4 from a burette, stopping when the indicator changes from yellow to red
3) evaporate

Question 14

Batch process meaning

Answer 14

Chemical process that makes products in limited amounts at different times

Question 15

Continuous process meaning

Answer 15

Chemical process that makes producrs jn large amounts all the time

Question 16

What conditions are used during the haber process and why

Answer 16

1) A pressure of 200atm
- Higher pressure means position of equilibrium shifts to the right and the yield of ammonia increases
- the pressure cannot be too high as this is expensive to generate and dangerous

2) A temperature of 450°C
- the forward reaction is exothermic, so increasing the temperature causes the position of equilibrium to shift to the left and decreases the yield of ammonia
- the temeprature chosen is a compromise as a higher temp increases rate of reaction

3) an iron catalyst
- increases rate of reaction
- doesnt affect yield

Question 17

What is the contact process

Answer 17

Industrial process used to make sulfuric acid

Question 18

What raw materials are used during the contact process

Answer 18

Sulfur
Air (source of oxygen)
Water

Question 19

Stages of the contact process (include equations )

Answer 19

1) sulfur burns in air to produce sulfur diolxide

S + O2 —> SO2

2) Contact process sulfur dioxide and oxygen react to make sulfur trioxide

2SO2 O2 —> 2SO3

3) carried out in 2 stels
Overall:
sulfur trioxide converted into sulfuric acid
H2O + SO3 —> H2SO4

Step 1: Sulfur trioxide passed through concentrated sulfuric acid to make Oleum
H2SO4 + SO3 —> H2S2O7

Step 2: Oleum added to water
H2S2O7 + H2O —> 2H2SO4

Question 20

How is ethanol made by fermentation (include formula)

Answer 20

Through fermentation - ethanol and CO2 are produced from glucose solution using enzymes from yeast

Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol

C6H12O6 —> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

35°C
Atmospheric pressure

Question 21

How is ethanol produced by hydration

Answer 21

Ethene + steam ethanol
C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH

Needs a temperature of 300°C
Pressure of 60 atm
Phosphoric catalyst