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CSEC CHEMISTRY > C6: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C6: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Mnemonic for the different fractions of distilled petroleum

A

Real Great & Noble Kings Don’t Forget Ladies Birthdays

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2
Q

Sources of Hydrocarbons

A

Natural gas and petroleum

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3
Q

two types of cracking are:

A

-Thermal cracking -Catalytic cracking

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4
Q

Difference between thermal and catalytic cracking

A

Thermal cracking uses temperatures of about 750 deg C and pressures of about 70atm. Catalytic cracking uses lower temperatures, about 500 degC and much lower pressures in the presence of a catalyst

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5
Q

importance of cracking hydrocarbons

A
  • produce smaller more useful hydrocarbons such as petrol - produces alkenes which are used to make other useful organic compounds such as plastics
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6
Q

the 4 analogous groups in organic chemistry

A

alkanes alkenes alcohols(or Alkanols) Carboxylic acids or alkanoic acids

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7
Q

The functional group in alkanoic acids

A

-COOH

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8
Q

The functional group in the alkanols

A

-OH

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9
Q

Alkanoic acids are (1)______________ acids because they are (2)_____________ ionized in water.

A

(1) - weak (2) - partially

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10
Q

what does the R stand for in the following analogous groups R-OH and R-COOH

A

the hydrocarbon portion of the molecule

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11
Q

reactions of alkanes

A

-combustion -substitution reactions with the halogens

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12
Q

Reactions of alkenes

A
  • combustion - addition reactions
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13
Q

addition reactions of Alkenes include:

A
  • addition of hydrogen to form alkanes - addition of water(steam) to form alcohols - addition of halogens and hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes - polymerization reactions to form polyalkenes - addition reaction with acidified potassium manganate to form dialcohols
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14
Q

two main reagents used to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes

A

reacting with bromine solution or acidified potassium manganate

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15
Q

what is the basis of the tests to differentiate between alkanes and alkenes?

A

to test for the presence of the carbon-carbon double bond.

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16
Q

how to differentiate between alkanes and alkenes

A

alkenes react readily with bromine solution and acidified potassium manganate solution. Alkanes do not react with either under normal conditions.

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17
Q

uses of alkanes

A
  • fuel - solvents eg hexane and heptane
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18
Q

uses of alkenes

A

they are the starter materials in the manufacture of many other compounds - to make ethanol and other alcohols and dialcohols - to make plastics - to make synthetic rubbers

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19
Q

what is biogas

A

gas produced by anaerobic bacteria when they break down organic matter

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20
Q

main hydrocarbon in biogas is

A

methane(60%)

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21
Q

what is methane used for?

A

fuel for cooking, heating, and to generate electricity

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22
Q

what is biomethane?

A

purified methane

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23
Q

reactions of ethanol

A
  • burns easily in air or oxygen - reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide - reacts with alkanoic acids to form esters - reacts with oxidizing agents to form ethanoic acid - undergoes dehydration to form ethene with conc. H2SO4 as catalyst
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24
Q

reactions of aqueous ethanoic acid

A
  • reacts with reactive metals - reacts with metal oxides and metal hydroxides - reacts with metal carbonates
25
Q

definition of isomers

A

organic compounds with same molecular formulae but different structural formulae

26
Q

isomerism can be either due to (1)__________ or (2)_________

A

(1) branching (2) position of the functional group

27
Q

every isomer has its own ________

A

unique name

28
Q

general physical properties of alcohols

A

alkanols are polar because of the presence of the OH group which is polar. - less volatile than corresponding alkanes - soluble in water because they are polar

29
Q

how can much of the physical properties of alkanols be explained?

A

presence of the polar -OH goup

30
Q

All alcohols are either (1)_____ or (2)___________ at room temperature but never (3)_________________

A

(1) liquids (2)solids (3)gas

31
Q

How are esters formed?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water

32
Q

the reaction between alcohol and alkanoic acid is example of this type of reaction

A

condensation reaction

33
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

when two molecules join to form a larger molecule with the loss of a water molecule

34
Q

apart from the reactants, what does esterification need to occur successfully?

A

heat and conc. sulfuric acid

35
Q

what is the role of sulfuric acid in esterification?

A
  • catalyst - remove the water produced during the reaction
36
Q

General formula for esters

A

R-COO-R’

37
Q

what are the products of esterification?

A

ester and water

38
Q

what is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

39
Q

reactions of esters

A
  • acid hydrolysis - alkaline hydrolysis
40
Q

which type of hydrolysis produces soaps?

A

alkaline hydrolysis

41
Q

Hydrolysis

A

is when larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by reacting the compound with water

42
Q

difference between hydrolysis and cracking

A
  • Cracking breaks longer chained hydrocarbon into shorter chained hydrocarbons. It requires heat and a catalyst. - Hydrolysis is the breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules by reacting with water. Requires water as a reagent, catalyst and heat.
43
Q

acid hydrolysis of esters

A

ester + water + dilute acid + heat gives alkanoic acid and alkanol. The acid acts as a catalyst

44
Q

alkaline hydrolysis of esters

A

ester + alkali + heat gives a salt and alkanol.

45
Q

saponification

A

process of producing soap

46
Q

Soapy detergents

A

made by boiling animal fats or vegetable fats and oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution

47
Q

example of a soapy detergent

A

sodium octadecanoate, C17H35COONa

48
Q

soapless detergents(synthetic detergents)

A

detergents made from petroleum.

49
Q

comparison of soapy and soapless detergents: 1 - renewable 2- form fats and oils 3- some are biodegradable 4- lather easily in hard water 5- formation of scum 6- all biodegradable 7- cause eutrophication 8- non-renewable 9- manufactured from petroleum 10- do not form scum 11- does not cause eutrophication 12- does not lather easily in hard water

A

1 - soapy 2- soapy 3- soapless 4- soapy 5- soapy 6- soapy 7- soapless 8- soapless 9-soapless 10- soapless 11 - soapy 12- soapless

50
Q

what are polymers?

A

macromolecules made up of linking of at least 50 monomers

51
Q

what is polymerization?

A

formation of polymers using monomers

52
Q

the two types of polymerization

A

addition and condensation

53
Q

types of reactions seen in organic chemistry

A

substitution, addition, condensation, hydrolysis, esterification, dehydration, saponification

54
Q

addition polymers used to make many types of ____________

A

plastics

55
Q

in condensation reactions what are the most common small molecules lost

A

water, ammonia, HCl,

56
Q

more than one type of monomer combine in (1)______________ while only one type of monomer combine in (2)____________.

A

(1) condensation polymerization (2) addition polymerization

57
Q

addition polymerization occurs when (1)__________ containing (2)___________ combine to form a polymer and no other product.

A

(1)monomers (2) C=C double bonds

58
Q

condensation reaction

A

different monomers link + loss of small molecules mainly water

59
Q

addition or condensation polymer? a- PVC b - cellulose c - polysaccharide d - teflon e - polypropene f - polyester g - starch h - nylon i - polystyrene j - polyamide k - polyethene

A

a - addition b - condensation c - condensation d - addition e - addition f - condensation g- condensation h - condenation i - addition j - condensation k - addition

CSEC CHEMISTRY (17 decks)

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