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Chemistry-Last hope > C6 > Flashcards

C6 Flashcards

1
Q

What can enzymes do as a detergent?

A

removes food and blood stains

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2
Q

How do detergents remove fat or oil stains from clothes?

A
  • hydrophobic end bonds with grease
  • detergent is bonded to water molecules
  • hydrophobic tail lifts off grease
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3
Q

What chemical test shows fats are unsaturated?

A

add bromine water

-bromine water should lose its colour

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4
Q

How can washing soda soften water?

A
  • hard water contains dissolved calcium ions and/or magnesium ions
  • calcium ions and magnesium ions are removed from water
  • calcium ions and magnesium ions removed by precipitation as insoluble carbonates
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5
Q

Hard water dont easily…..

what does it make instead?

A

form a lather with soap

-makes nasty scum instead

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6
Q

What does iron do when rusting?

A

loses 3 electrons to form Fe3+ - oxidised

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7
Q

What does oxygen do when rusting?

A

Each oxygen atom gains 2 electrons to become 02-

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8
Q

What happens during electrolysis?

A
  • electric current is passed through an ionic compound causing it to decompose
  • this creates a flow of charge through the electrolyte
  • positive ions move to the cathode and gain electrons
  • negative ions move to the anode and lose electrons
  • As ions gain or lose electrons they are discharged from the solution at electrodes
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9
Q

advantages of hydrogen fuel cells?

A
  • much more effecient than power stations
  • fewer places for energy to be lost as heat
  • no pollution
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10
Q

disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells?

A
  • producing the hydrogen requires alot of energy and this energy is gotten from fossil fuels
  • hydrogen fuel cells often contain harmful catalysts which need to be disposed off - this costs money and takes time
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11
Q

how are hydrogen fuel cells used in space crafts?

A
  • fuel cells are lightweight and compact dont take up much room
  • no moving parts that could go wrong
  • some of the products are used as drinking water
  • no waster products
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12
Q

how are fuel cells trying to be used in car industry?

A
  • no pollution as products are water and heat

- hydrogen can be obtained by decomposing water there is a large amount available

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13
Q

properties of CFC’s?

A
  • non-toxic
  • non-flammable
  • insoluble in water
  • low boiling points
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14
Q

What was the bad CFC which affected the ozone?

A

chloroflurocarbon

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15
Q

Equation for ozone

A

O3 + UV LIGHT —> O + O2

O2 + O —> O3

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16
Q

What does the ozone do?

A

absorbs UV light form the sun

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17
Q

Equations of breakdown of ozone with chlorine

A
  • Cl + O3 → •ClO + O2

* ClO + O3 → •Cl + 2O3

18
Q

CFC’S ……

A

breakdown to form chlorine atoms which affect the ozone

19
Q

CFC’s only break up to form chlorine atoms when there is……

A

plenty of high energy ultraviolet light around

20
Q

Hard water forms ….. which is a …..

A

Limescale and thermal insulator

21
Q

Hard water contains

A

calcium ions and magnesium ions, as water flows through rocks which contains these ions, these ions dissolve in the water

22
Q

How is rainwater slightly acidic?

A

CO2 from air dissolves in water to form carbonic acid

23
Q

Equation for calcium hydrogencarbonate

A

carbon dioxide + water + calcium carbonate –> calcium hydrogencarbonate

24
Q

What is temporary hardness?

A

hardness caused by hydrogen carbonate ion

25
Q

What is permanent hardness?

A

hardness caused by dissolved calcium sulfate

26
Q

How is temporary hardness removed?

A

by boiling - hydrogen carbinate decomposes to form CaCO3

27
Q

Experiment to compare hardness of water?

A
  • add 100cmcubed of water to flask
  • add 1cmcubed of soap solution in flask/put a bung in it and shake
  • repeat it till good lather is formed(lasting lather is where bubbles stay on surface for at least 30 seconds
  • record how much soap was needed
28
Q

The equation for fermentation?(word and symbol)

A

glucose —>ethanol + carbon dioxide

C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO

29
Q

What is important to prevent when trying to produce ethanol through fermentation?

A

prevent oxygen from getting to alcohol as it will convert ethanol into ethanoic acid

30
Q

How else can ethanol be made and what are the conditions required?

A

Ethene + water —> ethanol
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH
-300 degrees and 70 atmospheres
-use phosphoric catalyst to speed up reaction

31
Q

Compare fermentation with Ethene hyrdration?

A
  • ferementation is a batch process so is slow and ineffecient/Hydration is continuous so is muc faster process
  • ethanol made by fermentation is a renewable fuel so we wont run out
  • Ethanol made by fermentation isnt very pure whilst ethanol made by hydration has a much higher purity
32
Q

Name me an animal oil

A

Lard

33
Q

Name me an plant oil

A

olive oil

34
Q

Whats the difference between plant and animal oils

A

fats are solids and oils are liquids at room temp

35
Q

What is meant by immiscible?

A

when oil dont mix with water

36
Q

how can you create an emulsion?

A

mixing immiscible oil an water to form and emulsion by shaking to liquids vigourously

37
Q

What emulsion is milk and what emulsion is butter?

A

milk-oil in water emulsion/less oil than water

butter-water in oil emulsion/more oil than water

38
Q

how can unsaturated molecules be hydrogenated?

A
  • vegetable oil are liquid at room temp

- hardened by reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of nickel catalyst at 60 degrees-HYDRATION

39
Q

How can vegetable oils/animal oils affect health?

A
  • vegetable oils are unsaturated/animal oils are saturated
  • saturated fats less health than unsaturated fats(as saturated increase the cholesterol of blood)
  • natural unsaturated oils reduce the amount of cholsterol
40
Q

How does dry cleaning use solvents to remove any stains?

A
  • weak intermolecular forces between solvent molecules
  • when solvent is applied to clothes, intermolecular forces are formed between the solvent and the grease moleucles-grease molecules are surrounded by molecules of solvent
  • When solvent is removed the grease molecule are removed with it
41
Q

Elctrolysis equations

A

4OH- - 4e- —> O2 +2H2O at anode oxygen is made

2H+ + 2e- —> H2 at cathode hydrogen is made

Chemistry-Last hope (4 decks)

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