C6 Flashcards
Deviance
A behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group
Social control
The formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion
Innovators
Individuals who accept society approved goals but not society’s approved means to achieve them
Social control theory
A theory of crime, proposed by Travis Hirschi, that posits that strong social bonds increase conformity and decrease deviance
Ritualists
Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society’s approved goals but still operate according to society’s approved means
Rebels
Individuals who reject society’s approved goals and means, and instead create and work toward their own ( sometimes revolutionary ) goals using new means
Retreatists
Individuals who renounce society’s approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether
Cyberbullying
The use of electronic media ( web pages, social networking sites, email, Twitter, cell phones ) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone
Differential association theory
Edwin Sutherland’s hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers
Labeling theory
Howard Becker’s idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments or labels, that modify the individual’s self concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person
Primary deviance
In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant
Secondary deviance
In labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant
Tertiary deviance
Redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon
Stigma
Erving Goffman’s term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group’s identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction
Crime
A violation of a norm that has been codified into law
Criminology
The systematic scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal justice
Uniform Crime Report
An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI’s official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18000 law enforcement agencies
White collar crime
Crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of their occupation
Cybercrime
Crime committed via the internet, including identity theft, embezzlement, fraud, sexual predation, and financial scams
Violent crime
Crime in which violence is either the objective or the mass to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery
Property crime
Crime that does not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson
Deterrence
An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes
Retribution
An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal
Incapacitation
An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them
