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BMS662: MICROBIAL PATHOGEN > C6 > Flashcards

C6 Flashcards

1
Q

How bacteria become antibiotics resistance

A

Under selective pressure

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2
Q

Define selective pressure

A

Evolutionary force that cause particular phenotype to be more favourable in certain environmental conditions

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3
Q

Explain selective pressure

A
  • Must have at least 2 possible phenotype that organism exhibit
  • If there’s environmental influence that cause selective pressure & favouring 1 phenotype
  • That phenotype will be more abundant in population
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4
Q

Example of selective pressure

A
  • Environmental condition
  • Availability of food & energy sources
  • Predators
  • Disease
  • Human influence
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5
Q

Mechanism where microbes produce genetic variability

A
  • Point mutation
  • Genetic arrangement: meiosis
  • Gene transfer
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6
Q

Explain point mutation

A
  • Occur randomly
  • Due to replication error/ incorrect repair
  • Can be silent or result in modified protein
  • Slow process evolution
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7
Q

Explain genetic rearrangement

A
  • Rearranging part of genome
  • Result in amplification of specific gene product
  • Result in loss of part of genome that no longer essential
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8
Q

Explain gene transfer

A
  • Transfer new genetic trait from other organism
  • Occur via vertical or horizontal gene transfer
  • Vertical: transfer genetic material from mother to daughter cell during cell division
  • Horizontal: transfer genetic material between bacterial cell uncouple with cell division
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9
Q

Mechanism of horizontal gene transfer

A
  • Transformation
  • Transduction
  • Conjugation
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10
Q

Define genomic island (GEI)

A

Discrete DNA segment that establish horizontally transfer gene in population

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11
Q

Characteristics of GEI

A
  • Large size
  • Associated with tRNA ecoding gene
  • Encode housekeeping gene & rRNA
  • Can excise themselves spontaneously from chromosome & transfer to recipient
  • Carry bacteriophage, plasmid & insertion sequence
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12
Q

Importance of GEI

A
  • Contribute to fitness & adaptations
  • Provide gain of function to host
  • Promote transfer of multi gene families
  • Bring gene that help in bacterial survival
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13
Q

IPEC divided to

A
  • EPEC
  • EHEC
  • ETEC
  • EAEC
  • EIEC
  • DAEC: diffusely adherent
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14
Q

ExPEC divided to

A
  • UPEC: uropathogenic
  • MENEC: new born meningitis causing
  • SEPEC: septicemia
  • APEC: avian pathogenic
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15
Q

What is pathogenicity island (PAI)

A

Unstable region of chromosome with variable virulence associated characteristics

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16
Q

Explain PAI

A

Comparison between pathogenic bacteria & harmless one of close relative often reveal extra block of genetic material that contain gene that encode virulence factor protein or other structure to cause disease

17
Q

Basic properties of PAI

A
  • Carry many virulence gene
  • Incorporated in genome of pathogenic microbes
  • Cary mobility gene (transpoase, integrase)
  • Unstable & prone to deletion
  • Encode secretion system & adhesion, toxin
18
Q

PAI flank by

A
  • Direct repeat sequence (DR)
  • tRNA
  • Insertion sequence (IS)
19
Q

Explain PAI & acquisition of virulence

A
  • Creat pathogen from non pathogen strain by HGT
  • Example: E.coli
  • E.coli can be commensal and virulent
  • Produce vitamin K & B12
20
Q

Explain IPEC

A

EPEC
- Adhere to small bowel enterocytes
- Destroy normal microvillar

EHEC
- Attach & effacing lesion in colon
- Shiga toxin

ETEC
- Adhere to small bowel enterocytes
- Induce watery diarrhoea by heat labile & heat stable enterotoxin

EAEC
- Adhere to small & large bowel epithelia in thick biofilm

EIEC
- Invade colonic epthial cell & lyse phagosome

DAEC
- Effect small bowel enterocytes

21
Q

List of acquired PAI via HGT

A
  • PAI I: code for hemolysin
  • PAI II: code for alpha hemolysin & P fimbriae
  • PAI III: code for S oili & iron uptake
  • PAI IV: code for iron uptake (chelator)
22
Q

Pathogenicity island in E.coli

A
  • Inner circle: nucleotide base pair
  • Jagged circle: GC content
  • Red region: gene present in pathogenic strain
  • Green region: common to all strain
23
Q

Define R0

A

Number of secondary infection that would result from introduction of one infectious host into population of susceptible individuals

24
Q

A successful pathogen must do

A
  • Acquire nutrient
  • Survive stress
  • Avoid host immune system
  • Move to site of infection
25
Q

Define antibiotic prophylaxis

A

Use of antibiotics before surgery to prevent bacterial infection

26
Q

Criteria to use antibiotic prophylaxis

A
  • Use not to treat but prevent
  • Prevent normal commensal microbe from spreading their usual site
  • Must meet certain criteria before use
  • Must use at short time to avoid resistance
  • Suitable conc must be used at the right time
27
Q

What is selective pressure for bacteria, parasites, virus, fungi & animals

A
  • Immune systems
  • Pathogen have phenotype that increase resistant to immune defence are likely to replicate & infect other host

BMS662: MICROBIAL PATHOGEN (7 decks)

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