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Chemistry > C5 - Chemicals in the Natural Environment > Flashcards

C5 - Chemicals in the Natural Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three most abundant elements in the world?

A

Oxygen, silicon and aluminium

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2
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Bonds with shared elections

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3
Q

Electrostatic attraction

A

When the positively charged nuclei are attracted to the negatively charged shared pair of electrons

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4
Q

Why do simple molecular structures have low melting points?

A

Because they have weak intermolecular bonds

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5
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

All of the water on Earth e.g. Oceans, seas, lakes and rivers

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6
Q

What structure do ionic compounds form?

A

A crystal lattice

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7
Q

Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

A

Because they have very strong intermolecular forces and the ions have strong attractive forces

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8
Q

Why do ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten?

A

When molten or dissolved, ionic compound conduct electricity because the ions are free to move

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9
Q

What colour precipitate does a Calcium ion form? And is it soluble?

A

White: insoluble in excess

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10
Q

What colour precipitate does a Copper ion form? And is it soluble?

A

Light blue: insoluble in excess

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11
Q

What colour precipitate does an Iron (II) ion form? And is it soluble?

A

Green: insoluble in excess

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12
Q

What colour precipitate does an Iron (III) ion form? And is it soluble?

A

Red-brown: insoluble in excess

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13
Q

What colour precipitate does a Zinc ion form? And is it soluble?

A

White: soluble in excess

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14
Q

How do you test for a Carbonate ion? (2)

A

Add dilute acid and see if Bubbles (effervescence) occurs

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15
Q

How do you test for a Sulphate ion? (4)

A

Add dilute acid then acidity with nitric acid then add barium chloride/ nitrate; see if a white precipitate forms

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16
Q

How do you test for a Chloride ion? (4)

A

Add dilute acid then acidity with nitric acid then add silver nitrate; see if a white precipitate forms

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17
Q

How do you test for an Iodide ion? (4)

A

Add dilute acid then acidity with nitric acid then add silver nitrate; see if a yellow precipitate forms

18
Q

How do you test for a Bromide ion?(4)

A

Add dilute acid then acidity with nitric acid then add silver nitrate; see if a cream precipitate forms

19
Q

What is the Lithosphere?

A

The rigid outer layer of the Earth, made up of the crust and upper mantle

20
Q

Ore

A

A rock containing a metal/ metal compound

21
Q

Name as many properties of metals as you can: (7)

A

Malleable, solid, strong/ hard, shiny, high melting/ boiling points, good conductor, free electrons to carry electrical current

22
Q

Alloy

A

A mixture of different metals

23
Q

What element is used to extract iron, zinc and copper?

A

Carbon

24
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction where oxidation and reduction take place

25
Q

What is another name for aluminium ore?

A

Bauxite

26
Q

Give the four properties of aluminium?

A

Lightweight, flexible, strong and durable

27
Q

What are the conditions needed for aluminium electrolysis? (3)

A

955 degrees Celsius, 4.5V and 157,000 Amps

28
Q

Name as many properties of diamond as you can: (7)

A
  • Expensive and rare
  • Giant covalent structure
  • Transparent
  • Used in drill tips & jewellery
  • Carbon atoms bonded to four others in tetrahedral pattern
  • Doesn’t conduct electricity
  • Hard and strong
29
Q

Name as many properties of graphite as you can: (7)

A
  • Cheap and common
  • Has delocalised electrons between the layers
  • Black
  • Used in pencil lead and as an electrode during electrolysis
  • Soft with weak bonds between layers
  • Conducts electricity
  • Carbon atoms bonded to three others in sheets
30
Q

Name as many properties of silica/ silicon dioxide as you can: (6)

A
  • makes up most of the Earth’s crust
  • Silicon atoms bonded to four oxygen atoms
  • Hard & strong
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Insoluble
  • Doesn’t conduct electricity
31
Q

What is the equation to calculate the % of metal in a mineral?

A

% metal + total mass of metal atoms / gram formula mass X 100

32
Q

Electrolysis

A

Passing an electric current through an ionic compound when it is molten/ dissolved in water

33
Q

Why is Aluminium extracted using electrolysis?

A

It is very reactive so it’s oxide cannot be reduced by carbon

34
Q

Why do metals form at the cathode and non metals at the anode?

A

Metals form positive ions and non metals form negative ones

35
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

All the atoms are the same size and care roll over each other while keeping the bonds

36
Q

Give three examples of poisonous metals

A

Lead, mercury and cadmium

37
Q

Why is sulphur dioxide harmful to the environment?

A

It helps form acid rain which damages plants and fish

38
Q

What is lithium used for?

A

Batteries

39
Q

Why don’t we use lead to make batteries anymore?

A

Lead is toxic

40
Q

What do we use copper for?

A

Electrical wiring, pipes and building materials

41
Q

What substances are in dry air in what percentages?

A

Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon Dioxide - 0.04%
Argon & other gases -

Chemistry (6 decks)

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