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Chemistry > C2 - Material Choices > Flashcards

C2 - Material Choices Flashcards

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1
Q

Tensile strength

A

The force needed to break a material which stretched

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2
Q

Compressive strength

A

The force needed to crush a material which it is being squeezed

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3
Q

Stiffness

A

The force needed to bend a material

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4
Q

Hardness

A

How well a material stands to wear, it can be compared by scratching two materials together

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5
Q

Density

A

The mass of a given volume of the material

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6
Q

What unit is density measured in?

A

Mass per volume: g/cm3 or kg/m3

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7
Q

What is the word equation for calculating density?

A

Mass
——— = Density
Volume

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8
Q

What is rubber used for and why?

A

Rubber is used for car tyres because it is hard and elastic

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9
Q

What are fibres used for

A

To weave cloth into clothes

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10
Q

What is the main property of plastics?

A

They keep their shape when moulded: not malleable

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11
Q

Name three plastics which float in water

A

HDPE (High Density polythene), LDPE (Low Density polythene) and PP (Poly propene)

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12
Q

Name three plastics which soften in boiling water

A

LDPE, Polystyrene and PMMA

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13
Q

What is the density of HDPE?

A

0.97g/ cm3

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14
Q

What is the density of LDPE?

A

0.94g/ cm3

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15
Q

What is the density of PP?

A

0.91g/ cm3

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16
Q

Outlier

A

A result which is different or incorrect in comparison to the overall pattern

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17
Q

Mean

A

Average

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18
Q

Range

A

The smallest to largest result

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19
Q

Give 3 Properties of metals

A
  • Shiny
  • Malleable
  • Electrical conductors
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20
Q

Give 3 examples of ceramics

A

Clay, glass and cement

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21
Q

What are the main two properties of ceramics?

A

They are hard and strong

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22
Q

What is concrete a mixture of?

A

Sand and cement

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23
Q

What is bronze a mixture of?

A

Copper and tin

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24
Q

Name 3 natural materials:

A

Wool, cotton and silk

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25
Q

Name 3 synthetic materials:

A

Polyester, nylon and polystyrene

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26
Q

Name 3 natural materials which are extracted from the earth’s crust:

A

Limestone, iron ore and crude oil

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27
Q

Why have synthetic materials replaced some natural ones? 3 reasons

A
  • Some natural materials are in short supply
  • They can be designed to give particular properties
  • They are often cheaper and can be made in the quantity needed
28
Q

Crude oil

A

A mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons.

29
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds made up of just hydrogen and carbon atoms

30
Q

What is made when fuels burn in oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

31
Q

How much of crude oil is used as fuel?

A

Nearly 90%

32
Q

How much of crude oil is used to synthesise other chemicals?

A

Around 3%

33
Q

Name two chemicals which are synthesised from crude oil?

A

Ethanol and plastics

34
Q

Fractional distillation

A

The process which is carried out to separate crude oil

35
Q

What happens during fractional distillation?

A
  • The oil is heated up which turns it into gases
  • The distillation tower gets cooler as it gets higher
  • Gas molecules condense into liquids when they cool
  • Liquids with similar boiling points collect together
36
Q

Fractions

A

The areas in a fractional distillation tower where liquids with similar boiling points collect together

37
Q

The smaller the molecule chain length, the _____ the boiling point and the _______ the intermolecular forces:

A

The lower the boiling point and the weaker/ smaller the intermolecular forces

38
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule made by joining many smaller molecules called monomers

39
Q

Polymerisation

A

The process by which polymers are made

40
Q

Alkenes

A

Hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond.

41
Q

What happens during polymerisation

A

One part of the alkene double bond breaks in each molecule and they both join to make a polymer

42
Q

Give 3 advantages of synthetic materials

A

Cheaper, you can change their properties, easy to clean, lighter and stronger

43
Q

What is the structure of LDPE

A
  • It has long molecules with branches

* Weak intermolecular forces

44
Q

What is the structure of HDPE

A
  • It has long chains but no branches
  • More Crystalline than LDPE
  • Strong intermolecular forces
  • High melting point
45
Q

Plasticisers

A

Small molecules which are inserted into polymer chains to keep them apart

46
Q

Thermoplastics

A

Plastics which soften when heated and can be moulded into shape

47
Q

Thermosetting plastics

A

Plastics which do not soften when heated and contain cross-links which lock the molecules together so they cannot melt

48
Q

Give two methods someone can use to increase the crystallinity of a chemical

A
  • By drawing the polymer through a tiny hole when it is heated
  • By removing branches of the main polymer chain
49
Q

What is the width of a human hair?

A

0.1mm

50
Q

Nano particles

A

Materials which contain up to a thousand atoms

51
Q

Nanotechnology

A

The use and control of tiny matter

52
Q

What units are nano particles measured in?

A

Nanometres nm

53
Q

A nanometer is one _______ of a metre

A

Billionth

54
Q

Buckyballs

A

Very strong carbon spheres made of 60 Carbon atoms

55
Q

Why are nano particles excellent catalysts

A

They have large surface areas so they have more reaction areas

56
Q

Uses of silver nano particles and what they do:

A
  • They kill bacteria
  • They can be added to fibres and woven into socks, put into wound dressings, put into plastic and made into food containers
57
Q

Uses of titanium oxide particles and what they do:

A

•They are used in sunscreen and make it transparent and absorb uv light

58
Q

Composites

A

Materials where nano particles have been combined with materials like metals, ceramics and plastics

59
Q

What are graphene sheets and what are they used for?

A

One atom thick sheets of graphite which can be rolled into Carbon nanotubes

60
Q

What are the problems with the use of silver nano particles?

A
  • They can be washed into the sewers and kill the useful bacteria
  • They could then get out into the environment and kill all useful microorganisms
61
Q

Why are nano particles added to plastic sports equipment?

A

They make it stronger

62
Q

Why are nano particles added to tennis balls?

A

To make them stay bouncy for longer

63
Q

Why are nano particles added to rubber used in tyres?

A

To make it more hard wearing

64
Q

Arguments for and against the use of nanoparticles, give an example from each side

A

FOR: They occur naturally so must be safe
AGAINST: They might be breathed in from the air and cause lung damage, they can be passed through the skin and into the blood and organs, no one knows if nanoparticles used in solids can escape into the air, some want proof that new nanotechnologies won’t create health and environment risks

65
Q

Risk

A

The chance of an event occurring and the consequences if it did

66
Q

Melting point

A

The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid

67
Q

What is the order of gases in the fractional distillation column from top to bottom? (7)

A

Bottled gas, Petrol, Parrafin/ Aircraft fuel, Diesel, Central heating oil, Ship & power station oil, Bitumen for roads & roofing

TO REMEMBER
BOTTLE; PETROL; AIRCRAFT; DIESEL; HEATING; SHIPS; ROADS

Chemistry (6 decks)

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