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Chemistry > C5/6 > Flashcards

C5/6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does pure mean?

A

a substance is made up of one substance
- it can be an elemnt or compound

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2
Q

what is a compound

A

made of more than one type of atom bonded together

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3
Q

what is an element

A

substances with only one type of atom

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4
Q

how can we distinguish between pure and impure substances

A

melting and boiling points

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5
Q

how do we know if a substance is impure

A

if it melts over a range of temperatures

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6
Q

what is a formulation

A

a mixture that has been designed as a useful product

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7
Q

examples of formulations

A

medicines, paints, washing up liquids, fuels, fertilisers

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8
Q

what is a mixture?

A

groups of atoms, elements and compounds that are mixed but not bonded

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9
Q

what is a solute?

A

solid that can dissolve in a solvent

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10
Q

what is a solution?

A

mixture formed when a solvent dissolves a solute

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11
Q

what is a solvent?

A

substance that dissolves a solute

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12
Q

what is filtration used to separate?

A

an insoluble solid from a liquid

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13
Q

what is crystallisation used to separate?

A

a soluble solid from a solution

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14
Q

what is simple distillation used to separate?

A

separates a solvent from a solution

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15
Q

what is fractional distillation used for?

A

used to separate different liquids from a mixture of liquids

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16
Q

how does filtration work?

A

the insoluble solid is left behind on the filter paper as residue and the liquid passes through the filter paper

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17
Q

how does crystallisation work?

A

liquid evaporates as the solution is heated, leaving behind the solid

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18
Q

how does simple distillation work?

A
  • liquid evaporates from the solution, it then cools and condenses in a condenser
  • liquid is then collected based on boiling points
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19
Q

how does fractional distillation work?

A
  1. heat the mixture so it boils at the bottom to form vapours
  2. vapour rises at column
  3. the column is hot at the top and cool at the bottom
  4. vapours condense at different temperatures, depending on their boiling points
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20
Q

what is the atomic mass made up of?

A

protons and neutrons

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21
Q

what is relative formula mass?

A

adding up all of the relative atomic masses in the compound

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22
Q

how is relative formula mass presented

A

Mr

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23
Q

what is the conservation of mass?

A

no atoms are lost or made in a chemical reaction

24
Q

what is avogadro’s number?

A

6.02 x 10(23)

25
Q

how do you work out mass?

A

moles x Mr

26
Q

how do you work out moles?

A

mass/Mr

27
Q

how do you work out Mr?

A

mass/moles

28
Q

what is a solvent

A

liquid that the solute dissolves in

29
Q

what is the mobile phase

A

phase in chromatography that moves, usually a solvent or a mixture of solvents

30
Q

stationary phase

A

phase in chromatography that does not move, for example the paper

31
Q

why must the start line be in pencil

A

pen is an ink and could affect the results and pencil is insoluble

32
Q

what is Rf

A

distance moved by substance/distance moved by solvent

33
Q

what does a larger Rf mean

A

the solute is more soluble

34
Q

what is a chemical reaction?

A

change that involves rearranging atoms within reactant molecules and the formation of a new product

35
Q

how can we tell a chemical reaction has taken place

A
  • colour change
  • temperature change
  • bubbles
  • precipitate formation
  • odours and sounds
36
Q

what is the rate of reaction

A

the speed at which a reaction occurs

37
Q

examples of reactions

A
  • rusting
  • baking
  • explosions
38
Q

how can you measure the rate of reaction

A

change in mass, volume, colour or time taken to tur cloudy or precipitate formation

39
Q

rate of reaction equation

A

quantity of reactant used or product formed/time taken

40
Q

for a chemical reaction to happen…
(collision theory)

A
  • reactant particles must collide with each other
  • particles must have enough energy to react
41
Q

whats a successful collision

A

a collision that produces a reaction

42
Q

what is activation energy

A

minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction

43
Q

what happens if a particle doesnt have enough energy

A

they just bounce off each other

44
Q

what factors affect rate of reaction

A

concentration, temperature, catalysts, surface area, pressure

45
Q

how does temp affect ror

A

as temp increases, the particles move faster so collide more frequently

46
Q

how does catalysts affect ror

A

they lower activation energy by providing alternate reaction pathways so increases successful collisions

47
Q

how does SA affect ror

A

increased collision frequency as theres more contact points in the surface of particles

48
Q

how does pressure/concentration affect ror

A

theres more particles/unit volume making collisions more frequent

49
Q

what does concentration measure

A

solutions

50
Q

what does pressure measure

A

gases

51
Q

what is a catalyst

A
  • substance that speeds up reaction without being used up in the reaction
  • they provide alternate pathway for reaction
52
Q

examples of catalysts

A

nickel, iron, platinum

53
Q

advantages of using catalysts

A
  • products can be made more quickly so save enrgy and money
  • expensive byt reuseable
  • reduce the need to increase temperature so save fuel and pollution
54
Q

biological catalysts

A
  • enzymes - work best in a naerrow range of temp and pH
  • used in everyday products like washing powders, breaking down food stains
55
Q

biological catalysts

A
  • enzymes - work best in a narrow range of temp and pH
  • used in everyday products like washing powders, breaking down food stains

Chemistry (4 decks)

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