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Chemistry > C3 > Flashcards

C3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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2
Q

What is the formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

what is covalent bonding ?

A

when two non metal atoms share a pair of electrons to form a complete outer shell

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4
Q

what is ionic bonding?

A

non metal and metal

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5
Q

what is metallic bonding?

A

metals

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6
Q

what are alkanes?

A

hydrocarbons that are made of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are saturated (single bonds only)

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7
Q

what are alkenes?

A

formed when we crack large alkanes (one double bond so unsaturated)
the carbon is a double bond

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8
Q

what are intermolecular forces?

A

the weak forces between molecules that hold them together

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9
Q

melting and boiling points of simple covalent molecules

A

the melting and boiling points are low because there are weak intramolecular forces that require low energy to break

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10
Q

conduction of electricity

A

simple covalent molecules do not conduct electricity as they have no electric charge

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11
Q

first 4 alkanes

A

Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter
methane, ethane, propane, butane

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12
Q

first 4 alkenes

A

ethene, propene, butene, pentene

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13
Q

features of short chain hydrocarbons

A

short chain hydrocarbons contain lower boiling points, higher volatility, low viscosity, and are extremely flammable

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14
Q

volatility

A

rate of evaporation

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15
Q

viscosity

A

consistency

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16
Q

features of long chain hydrocarbons

A

Long chain hydrocarbons have higher boiling point, less volatility, more viscous and less flammable

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17
Q

why do long chain hydrocarbon have higher melting points than shorter hydrocarbon chains?

A

longer hydrocarbon chains have more intermolecular forces which require more energy to break the forces

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18
Q

how does fractional distillation work?

A
  1. heat the mixture so it boils at the bottom to form vapours
  2. vapour rises at column
  3. the column is hot at the top and cool at the bottom
  4. vapours condense at different temperatures, depending on their boiling points
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19
Q

what is cracking?

A

it is a process that is used to decompose large molecules into smaller, more useful molecules as the lighter fractions are in high demand as they are more useful as fuels

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20
Q

how do you crack?

A

large chain alkane —> smaller chain alkane and alkenes

heat long chain hydrocarbons to vapourise them —> pass vapours over a hot catalyst or mix with steam —> heat to high temperature for thermal decomposition to occur

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21
Q

how do you work out empirical formula?

A
  1. divide masses by relative atomic mass
  2. divide by smallest number
  3. get the ratio by rounding
  4. write it in the formula
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22
Q

what is the order of the reactivity series?

A

potassium
sulphur
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
carbon
zinc
iron
tin
lead
hydrogen
copper
silver
gold

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23
Q

what are metallic bonds?

A

the electrostatic attractions between positive metal ions and negative delocalised electrons

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24
Q

what are metals arranged of?

A

giant metallic lattice of cations

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25
Q

what are delocalised electrons?

A

electrons that are not bound to an atom and are free to move around within the lattice

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26
Q

movement in the structure

A

metal ions and delocalised electrons are attracted together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction due to opposite charges

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27
Q

what are the properties of pure metals?

A
  • high melting and boiling
    points
  • soft andmalleable mallaable
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28
Q

what makes metals malleable?

A

layers of ions can slide eover each other

29
Q

how do metals conduct heat?

A

the delocalised electrons transfer thermal energy as they move

30
Q

how do metals conduct electricity?

A

they have free electrons that can move throughout the metal, carrying a charge

31
Q

how does lithium react with water?

A
  • gives off hydrogen
  • fizzes
  • turns purple
32
Q

how does sodium react with water?

A
  • silver ball
  • floats and fizzes
  • explodes and dissolves
33
Q

how does potassium react in water?

A
  • lilac flame
  • bubbles catches fire
34
Q

how does lithium react with air?

A

turns from silver to black

35
Q

how does sodium react with air

A

turns from silver to grey

36
Q

how does potassium act with air?

A

turns white to black

37
Q

why do group 1 metals get more reactive as you go down the group?

A

the number of shells increase and the outer electron is away from the nucleus so its easier to lose as the attraction between it and the nucleus is weaker

38
Q

the reactions of reactive metals with water - equation

A

metal+water→metal hydroxide+hydrogen

39
Q

the reactions of reactive metals with acids?

A

metal and acid–> salt and hydrogen

40
Q

what metals cant react with dilute acids?

A

copper, silver, gold and platinum

41
Q

what metals react with dilute acids?

A

magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron and lead (iron and lead react slowly)

42
Q

the reactions of reactive metals with oxygen

A

metal +oxygen→metal oxide

43
Q

what is the reactive series?

A

a list of metals from mostr reactive to less reactive

44
Q

reactive series acronym

A

please send cats monkeys and carbon zebras in the lead hydrogen cage securely guarded please

45
Q

what is a displacement reaction?

A

a reaction where a more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from a compound

46
Q

what is an ore?

A

a rock with enough metal atoms to make it exploitable

47
Q

reducing metals with carbon

A

if the ore has a metal LESS reactive than carbon, we can use carbon to reduce the metal
- carbon gets oxidised

48
Q

why is carbon used in extraction?

A

it is cheap and abundant

49
Q

how do you reduce the metal with carbon?

A

reduction with carbon normally involves heating the metal oxide in the presence of the carbon, which is often used in the form of coal

50
Q

how does bioleaching work?

A

Bacteria are mixed in with low-grade ores.
The bacteria convert the metal into a solution rich in metal compounds called leachate solution.
This gets extracted using electrolysis or displacement

51
Q

how does phytomining work?

A

Plants growing on contaminated land absorb metal ions as they grow.
These plants are harvested and burned, producing ash that contains high concentrations of metal compounds that get extracted with electrolysis or displacement

52
Q

what are the disadvantages of bioleaching?

A

they are take lots of time to produce a large quantity of metal
some toxic chemicals are produced that are harmful to wildlife

53
Q

what are the disadvantages of phytomining?

A

it can be very slow but this can be combatted by planting plants that grow relatively quickly

54
Q

what are the advantages of phytomining?

A
  • it can work with low grade ores that would be wasted
  • it can clear up contaminated sites
  • it very cheap
  • it can be used by developing countries to build up economies
55
Q

what are the advantages of bioleaching?

A
  • it can work with low grade
    ores that would be wasted
  • it is energy efficient
  • it can be used by developing countries to build up economies
56
Q

what is electrolysis?

A

using electricity to split iionic compounds

57
Q

what is electrolyte?

A

An ionic compound that produces a solution that conducts electricity when it is dissolved in water.

58
Q

what is the anode?

A

positive electrode

59
Q

what is the negative electrode?

A

cathode

60
Q

what charge do metal ions have?

A

positive

61
Q

where will metals form?

A

at the cathode which is the negatively charged electrode as they have positively charged ions (cations)

62
Q

what is formed at the anode if halide ions are present?

A

the respective halogen forms

63
Q

what is formed at the anode if halide ions arent present?

A

oxygen/hydroxide

64
Q

what is formed at the cathode in aqueous electrolysis?

A

metal or hydrogen
- the least reactive gets
discharged

65
Q

where does reduction happen?

A

at the cathode
- positively charged ions gain electrons

66
Q

where does oxidation happen?

A

at the anode
- negatively charged ions lose electrons

67
Q

where do you get aluminium oxide?

A

bauxite

68
Q

what do u mix w aluminium and why?

A

cryolite to lower the melting point

Chemistry (4 decks)

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