C5

Question 1

Self Concept:

Answer 1

The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

Question 2

who has a rudimentary self-concept

Answer 2

Some primates

Humans at 18 to 24 months

Question 3

Child’s self-concept

Answer 3

Concrete

References to characteristics like age, sex, neighborhood, and hobbies

Question 4

Maturing self-concept

Answer 4

Less emphasis on physical characteristics

More emphasis on psychological states and how other people judge us

Question 5

cultural influence on self concept

Answer 5

individualistic cultures emphasize the self/independent view; collectivistic cultures deemphasize the self/interdependent view
The squeaky wheel gets the grease.–American proverb
The nail that stands out gets pounded down.–Japanese proverb

Question 6

Independent view of the self

Answer 6

Defines self through own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not other people’s
Independence and uniqueness valued
Held in many Western cultures

Question 7

Interdependent view of the self

Answer 7

Defines self through relationships to other people
Recognizes that others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions affect one’s behavior
Connectedness and interdependence valued
Uniqueness frowned on
Held in many Asian and non-Western cultures

Question 8

functions of the self

Answer 8

Self-knowledge, Self-control, impression management, self esteem

Question 9

Self-knowledge:

Answer 9

The way we understand who we are and organize this information

Question 10

self control

Answer 10

The way we make plans and execute decisions

Question 11

impression management

Answer 11

The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see us as we want to be seen; The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

Question 12

self esteem

Answer 12

The way we maintain positive views of ourselves

Question 13

Introspection

Answer 13

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

Question 14

Self-Awareness Theory

Answer 14

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values. Sometimes people go far in their attempt to escape the self if they can’t/won’t change behavior.

Question 15

ways people go far in their attempt to escape the self.

Answer 15

Harmful—drug/alcohol use

Beneficial- sprirituality

Question 16

Self-perception theory:

Answer 16

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

Question 17

Schachter’s theory

Answer 17

two factor theory of emotion/we experience emotions in a two-step self-perception process:
Experience physiological arousal
Seek an appropriate explanation for it

Question 18

Misattribution of arousal

Answer 18

Making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do
Arousal from one source (e.g., caffeine, exercise, a fright) can enhance the intensity of how the person interprets other feelings (e.g., attraction to someone).

(e.g. if u are overcaffeinated and you’re with someone you like you might think your heart is racing because you’re attracted to them rather than bc of the caffeine) (see bridge/love experiment: misattributed physical symptoms of fear to sexual arousal)

Question 19

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 19

Engage in an activity because of enjoyment and interest, not external rewards or pressures

Question 20

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 20

Engage in an activity because of external reasons, not because of enjoyment and interest

Question 21

Overjustification effect:

Answer 21

The tendency of people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

Question 22

Task-contingent rewards:

Answer 22

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done (e.g. participation awards)

Question 23

Performance-contingent rewards:

Answer 23

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

e.g. first place, second place….

Question 24

Avoiding over-justification when using rewards:

Answer 24

Rewards will undermine interest only if interest was initially high.
The type of reward makes a difference.
Performance-contingent rewards are less damaging to intrinsic interest

Question 25

Fixed mindset:

Answer 25

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

Question 26

Growth mindset:

Answer 26

The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

Question 27

impact of mindset on motivation

Answer 27

Mindset affects motivation

Fixed mindset more likely to give up and do poorly on subsequent tasks after failure

Question 28

How do we use others to define ourselves?

Answer 28

we measure our own abilities and attitudes by comparing to other people

(If you donate $50 to charity and find out your friend donates $10, you can feel generous.
If you find out your friend donated $100, you might not feel as generous!
)

Question 29

Social Comparison Theory

Answer 29

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

The theory revolves around two important questions:
When do you engage in social comparison?
With whom do you choose to compare yourself?

Question 30

When do you engage in social comparison?

Answer 30

when there’s no objective standard to measure against

When we experience uncertainty

Question 31

With whom do you choose to compare yourself?

Answer 31

Initial impulse: anyone who is around

Occurs quickly and automatically

Question 32

goal of social comparison and which social comparison do we engage in as a result?

Answer 32

if the goal is to know the furthest level to which we can aspire, upward social comparison. if goal is to feel better about self, downward social comparison.

Question 33

downward social comparison

Answer 33

Comparing to people who are worse on a particular ability

Question 34

upward social comparison

Answer 34

Comparing to people who are better on a particular ability

Question 35

When do we adopt others’ views?

Answer 35

We adopt other people’s views in some circumstances
“Looking glass self” (Cooley, 1902)

We see ourselves and the social world through the eyes of other people
Adopt others’ views when we want to get along with them

Question 36

Social tuning:

Answer 36

The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitudes

Question 37

Self-control:

Answer 37

The ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long-term goals

Question 38

Ingratiation:

Answer 38

Flattering, praising, and generally trying to make ourselves likable to another person, often of higher status

Question 39

Self-handicapping:

Answer 39

Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves

If we do poorly on a task, we can avoid blaming ourselves.

Question 40

Behavioral self-handicapping

Answer 40

People act in ways that reduce the likelihood of success so that if they fail, they can blame it on obstacles rather than ability.
Example: pulling an all-nighter before a test

Question 41

Reported self-handicapping

Answer 41

Rather than creating obstacles to success, people devise ready-made excuses in case they fail.
Example: Complaining about not feeling well when you take a test