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Urinalysis & Body Fluids > C4 Physical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

C4 Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

physical examination of urine includes:

A

color, clarity, & specific gravity

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2
Q

what is urochrome?

A

pigment causing yellow color

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3
Q

what is uroerythrin?

A

pink pigment, attaches to amorphous urates formed in refrigerated specimens

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4
Q

what is urobilin?

A

oxidation of normal constituent, urobilinogen, orange-brown color in older specimens

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5
Q

dark yellow and amber urine that is normal is?

A

concentrated urine

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6
Q

dark yellow and amber urine that is abnormal is?

A

bilirubin

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7
Q

bilirubin may indicate possible?

A

hepatitis virus present

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8
Q

Foam in urine indicates?

A

bilirubin produces yellow foam when shaken, normal urine produces small amounts of white foam caused by protein

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9
Q

Photooxidation of large amounts of urobilinogen produces what color urine?

A

yellow-orange

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10
Q

photooxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin produces what color urine?

A

yellow-green

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11
Q

Phenazopyridine (pyridium) or Azo-Gantrisin for UTIs produces?

A

thick orange pigment & yellow foam (no bilirubin)

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12
Q

What is a common cause of red urine?

A

Blood

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13
Q

Methemoglobin

A

RBCs remain in acid urine, fresh brown specimens can indicate glomerular bleeding

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14
Q

cloudy red urine?

A

RBCs

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15
Q

clear red urine?

A

hemoglobin/myoglobin

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16
Q

hemoglobin?

A

in vivo lysis of RBCs, pt plasma will also be red, consider in vitro lysis/specimen handling

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17
Q

Myoglobin

A

breakdown of skeletal muscle, fresh urine is often more reddish brown, patients plasma is clear

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18
Q

Port-wine colored urine?

A

oxidation of porphobilinogen to phorphyrias

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19
Q

Melanin

A

excess in malignant melanoma, oxidation of melanogen to melanin

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20
Q

Homogentisic acid

A

black color in alkaline urine, alkaptonuria

21
Q

What causes blue-green urine?

A

urinary and intestinal bacterial infections, IV phenol medications: Clorets (green), Robaxin, methylene blue, Elavil (blue)

22
Q

clarity

A

refers to the transparency or turbidity of a specimen

23
Q

Normal reporting of clarity

A

clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, milky

24
Q

clear:

A

no visible particulates, transparent

25
Q

hazy:

A

few particulates, print easily seen through urine

26
Q

cloudy:

A

many particulates, print blurred through urine

27
Q

turbid:

A

print cannot be seen through the urine

28
Q

milky:

A

may precipitate or be clotted

29
Q

causes of nonpathogenic turbidity:

A

squamous epithelial cells and mucus, bacterial growth in nonpreserved specimens, refrigerated specimens with precipitated amorphous phosphates (white) and urates (pink), contamination

30
Q

causes of pathologic turbidity:

A

RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, nonsquamous epithelial cells, yeast, abnormal crystals, lymph fluid, lipids

31
Q

Specific gravity

A

evaluation of urine concentration, determines if urine is concentrated enough to provide reliable screening results, the density of a solution compared with the density of an equal volume of distilled water at the same temp

32
Q

Isothenuric:

A

SG of 1.010

33
Q

Hyposthenuric

A

SG lower than 1.010

34
Q

Hypersthenuric

A

SG higher than 1.010

35
Q

Refractometer

A

measures velocity of light in air versus velocity of light in a solution

36
Q

advantages of the refractometer

A

temperature compenstation not needed, small specimen size: 1 or 2 drops

37
Q

osmole

A

1 g molecular weight of a substance divided by the number of particles into which it dissociates (= to MW of substance)

38
Q

unit of measure used in the clincial lab is?

A

milliosmole (mOsm)

39
Q

Reagent Strip SG

A

based on the change in pka (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

40
Q

aromatic odor

A

normal

41
Q

foul, ammonia-like odor

A

bacterial decomposition, UTI

42
Q

fruity, sweet odor

A

ketones (DM, starvation, vomiting)

43
Q

maple syrup odor

A

maple syrup urine disease

44
Q

mousy odor

A

phenylketonuria

45
Q

rancid odor

A

tyrosinemia

46
Q

sweaty feet odor

A

isovaleric acidemia

47
Q

cabbage odor

A

methionine malabsorption

48
Q

bleach odor

A

contamination

Urinalysis & Body Fluids (5 decks)

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