C4(no C3)

Question 1

EPITHELIUM

Answer 1

covers, lines; rests on basement membrane; underlain by CTP.

Question 2

Basement membrane:

Answer 2

basal lamina (glycoproteins secreted by epithelium) + reticular layer (fibers
synthesized by fibroblasts of CTP)

Question 3

EPITHELIUM
Characteristics

Answer 3

avascular, innervated; highly cellular; ↑regeneration rate; cells exhibit polarity.

Question 4

Borders:

Answer 4

1. Free=apical: microvilli (↑surface area); cilia (9+2 microtubules, movement).
2. Basal: adheres to basement membrane.
3. Lateral: a. Tight junctional complexes (permeability barrier). b. Desmosomes (spot
   adhesions). c. Gap junctions=nexus, connexon channel proteins; cell-cell communication.

Question 5

Classification: # rows (simple, stratified); cell shape at apical border (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

Answer 5

Simple squamous: diffusion: lung alveoli, glomerular capsules, blood/lymph vessels as
endothelium, serous membranes as mesothelium.
Simple cuboidal: kidney tubules.
Simple columnar: digestive tract (microvilli); uterine tubes, uterus (ciliated).
Pseudostratified: one row of cells; upper respiratory tract, ciliated.
Stratified squamous: epidermis (keratinized), lining of mouth (non-keratinized).
Transitional: accommodates for volume; ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Question 6

Glands

Answer 6

Endocrine: ductless, secrete hormones into blood.
Exocrine: ducts; unicellular: Goblet cells (mucus); multicellular: tubular or alveolar.

Question 7

CTP=CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER:

Answer 7

few cells, abundant extracellular material, vascular, innervated.

Question 8

Components: Matrix:

Answer 8

Ground substance (glycoproteins, proteoglycans form semifluid gel) + fibers:
1. Collagen: thick bundles of collagen.
2. Reticular: collagen fibrils in networks.
3. Elastic: single elastin fibers for stretch and recoil.

Question 9

Cells:

Answer 9

fibroblasts: most abundant, synthesize most of the matrix.
Macrophages: mobile phagocytes.
Mast cells: secrete histamine (↑vascular permeability), heparin (anticoagulant).
Adipocytes: fat cells.
WBCs: plasma (activated B-cells; secrete antibodies), neutrophils (phagocytosis
of bacteria).

Question 10

Classification

Answer 10

1. Mesenchyme: embryonic.
2. Loose areolar: most common, all three fiber types present; protection, support.
3. Reticular: liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow; structural support, reticular fibers.
4. Adipose: fat storage, insulation; hypodermis=subcutaneous tissue=superficial fascia;
   visceral fat in mesenteries.
5. Dense=fibrous: A. regular: tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis.
   B. irregular: organ capsules, reticular layer of dermis.
6. Elastic: walls of large arteries (aorta), Ligamentum flavum(connect vertebral laminae);
   Ligamentum nuchae: occipital protuberance to spinous process of C-7.

Question 11

COVERING AND LINING MEMBRANES =

Answer 11

epithelium + CTP

Question 12

1. Mucous:
2. Serous:
3. Cutaneous:

Answer 12

1. Mucous: line passageways that open to outside. Epithelium: varies; CTP: loose areolar with Goblets.
2. Serous: line closed ventral body cavities: pleural, pericardial, peritoneal. Epithelium: mesothelium
   (simple squamous); CTP: loose areolar.
3. Cutaneous: skin; Epithelium: keratinized stratified squamous; CTP: papillary layer (20%, loose
   areolar) + reticular layer (80%, dense irregular).