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Dev Bio > C4: Fertilization > Flashcards

C4: Fertilization Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote

A

Fertilization

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2
Q

the egg and sperm are ___, which means they each contain one set of chromosomes; upon fertilization, they will combine their genetic material to form a zygote that is ___, having two sets of chromosomes

A

haploid; diploid

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3
Q

zygote that has more than two sets of chromosomes will not be ___

A

viable

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4
Q

the combining of genes derived from two parents

A

sex

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5
Q

the generation of a new organism

A

reproduction

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6
Q

fertilization accomplishes two separate ends

A

sex; reproduction

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7
Q

occurs when proteins on the sperm cell membrane meet proteins on the extracellular coating of the egg

A

sperm-egg recognition

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8
Q

the sperm cell membrane is altered significantly by ___ events activated by the __

A

exocytotic; egg

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9
Q

once inside the egg, the sperm activates development by causing the release of ____ from within the egg

A

calcium ions (Ca2+)

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10
Q

these ions stimulate the enzymes needed for DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and cell division

A

calcium ions (Ca2+)

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11
Q

in ___ plants, several nuclei are involved in fertilization

A

angiosperm

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12
Q

Four major events of fertilization:

A

1.) Contact and recognition between sperm and egg
2.) Regulation of sperm entry into the egg
3.)Fusion of the genetic material of sperm and egg.
4.)Activation of egg metabolism to start development.

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13
Q

Which fetilization event?

-In most cases, this ensures that the sperm and egg are of the same species.

A

1.) Contact and recognition between sperm and egg

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14
Q

Which fetilization event?

Only one sperm nucleus can ultimately unite with the egg nucleus. This is usually accomplished by allowing only one sperm to enter the egg and actively inhibiting any others from entering.

A

2.) Regulation of sperm entry into the egg.

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15
Q

Significance of Fertilization (8)

A

1.) stimulates the secondary oocyte to undergo second maturation division to release second polar body and to form haploid ovum
2.) restores the diploidy in the zygote
3.) Fertilization membrane prevents the polyspermy
4.) Metabolic activities are increased as more mitochondria are available
5.) combines the characters of two parents and introduces variations
6.) Centrioles of sperm from the spindle to initiate the cleavage of zygote
7.) Sex chromosome of sperm is either X or Y and helps in sex determination
8.) Copulation path sets the axis of division

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16
Q

Sequential Events of Fertilization (9)

A
  1. Penetration of the corona radiata
  2. Attachment to the zona pellucida
  3. Acrosomal reaction and penetration of the zona pellucida
  4. Binding and fusion of sperm and egg
  5. Prevention of polyspermy
  6. Metabolic activation of the egg
  7. Decondensation of the sperm nucleus
  8. Completion of meiosis in the egg
  9. Development and fusion of male and female pronuclei
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17
Q

when the spermatozoa first encounter the ovulated egg in the ___ of the uterine tube, they are confronted by the ___ and some remnants of the ___, which represents the outer layer of the egg complex

A

ampullary part;
corona radiata;
cumulus oophorus

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18
Q

___ is a highly cellular layer with an __ matrix consisting of proteins and a high concentration of carbohydrates (especially ___)

A

corona radiata;
intercellular;
hyaluronic acid

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19
Q

It is widely believed that ___ emanating from the sperm head plays a major role in penetration of the corona radiata

A

hyaluronidase

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20
Q

the ___, which is __ µm in humans, consists principally of four ____combine to form basic units that polymerize into long filaments

A

zona pellucida; 13;
glycoproteins (ZP1 to ZP4. ZP2 and ZP3)

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21
Q

spermatozoa bind specifically to a ___ molecule, which is the __ part of a sequence of four sugars at the end of O-linked ___ that are attached to the polypeptide core of the __ molecule

A

sialic acid;
terminal;
oligosaccharides;
ZP3

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22
Q

molecules on the surface of the sperm heads are specific binding sites for the __ sperm receptors on the ___

A

ZP3;
zona pellucida

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23
Q

___ in the ___ regions of the __ molecule may serve as the basis for the inability of spermatozoa of one species to fertilize an
egg of another species.

A

Interspecies molecular differences; sperm-binding;
ZP3

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24
Q

the essence of the __ is the fusion of parts of the outer acrosomal membrane with the overlying plasma membrane and the pinching off of fused parts as small vesicles
▪ this results in the liberation of the multitude of enzymes that are stored in the ___

A

acrosomal reaction;
acrosome

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25
Q

acrosome of sperm undergoes acrosomal reaction and releases certain ___ which dissolve the egg envelopes locally and make the path for the penetration of sperm

A

sperm lysins

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26
Q

__ are acidic proteins that contain a lysing enzyme ___ which dissolves the hyaluronic acid polymers in the intercellular spaces which holds the granulosa cells of corona radiata together

A

sperm lysins;
hyaluronidase

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27
Q

most important enzyme (which dissolves the zona pellucida

A

acrosin or Zona lysin

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28
Q

in humans, there is always ___

A

monospermy

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29
Q

space between the egg’s plasma membrane and the zona pellucida

A

perivitelline space

30
Q

binding between the spermatozoon and egg occurs when the ___ of the sperm head contacts the ___ surrounding the egg

A

equatorial region;
microvilli

31
Q

molecules on the plasma membrane of the sperm head, principally sperm proteins called __ and __, bind to __ and ___ molecules on the surface of the egg

A

fertilins and cyritestin;
α6 integrin and CD9 protein

32
Q

the ___ causes a change in the membrane properties of the spermatozoon

A

acrosomal reaction

33
Q

actual fusion between spermatozoon and egg, mediated by ___ on the membrane of the oocyte, brings their plasma membranes into continuity

A

integrin

34
Q

the ___ to polyspermy, which has been best studied in ____, consists of a rapid ___ of the plasma membrane of the egg
▪ the resting membrane potential of the egg changes from about ___ to ___ within __ to ___ seconds after fusion of the spermatozoon with the egg

A

fast block;
sea urchins;
electrical depolarization;
−70 to +10 mV;
2 to 3

35
Q

the ___, spreading from the site of sperm-egg fusion, is involved in stimulating completion of the second meiotic division of the egg

A

first set of waves (of Ca++)

36
Q

____ initiate recruitment of maternal RNAs in the egg and act on the cortical granules as they pass by them

A

later waves of Ca++

37
Q

exposure to Ca++ causes the ___ to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release their contents (__ and __) into the ___

A

cortical granules;
hydrolytic enzymes and polysaccharides;
perivitelline space

38
Q

the ___ released into the ____ become hydrated and swell, thus causing the ___ to rise from the surface of the egg

A

polysaccharides;
perivitelline space;
zona pellucida

39
Q

___ essentially eliminates the ability of spermatozoa to adhere to and penetrate the zona

A

zona reaction

40
Q

the sperm introduces into the egg a soluble factor (currently thought to be a _____]), which stimulates a pathway leading to the release of pulses of Ca++ within the cytoplasm of the egg

A

phospholipase [phospholipase C zeta]

41
Q

▪ in addition to initiating the blocks to polyspermy, the released Ca++ stimulates a rapid intensification of the egg’s respiration and metabolism through an exchange of ____ for ___

A

extracellular Na+;
intracellular H+

42
Q

exchange of extracellular Na+ for intracellular H+ results in a rise in ____ and an increase in ___

A

intracellular pH;
oxidative metabolism

43
Q

in mature spermatozoon, the nuclear chromatin is very tightly packed, in large part because of the _______ that occurs among the ___ molecules complexed with the DNA during ___

A

—SS— (disulfide) cross-linking;
protamine;
spermatogenesis

44
Q

shortly after the head of the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the egg, the permeability of its ___ membrane begins to ___, thereby allowing ___within the egg to affect the nuclear contents of the sperm

A

nuclear;
increase;
cytoplasmic factors ;

45
Q

after ___ of the —SS— cross-links of the protamines to ____ by reduced __ in the ___, the ___ are rapidly lost from the chromatin of the spermatozoon, and the chromatin begins to spread out within the nucleus (now called a pronucleus) as it moves closer to the nuclear material of the egg

A

reduction;
sulfhydryl (—SH) groups;
glutathione; ooplasm;
protamines;

46
Q

it takes about __ hours for the remodeling of the sperm

A

6 to 8

47
Q

after a short period during which the male chromosomes are naked, ___ begin to associate with the chromosomes

A

histones

48
Q

during the period of ___, the genetic material of the male pronucleus becomes ___, whereas __ in the female genome is maintained

A

pronuclear formation;
demethylated;
methylation

49
Q

after penetration of the egg by the spermatozoon, the ___ of the egg, which had been arrested in ___ of the second meiotic division, completes the last division and releases a ___ into the ___

A

nucleus; metaphase;
second polar body;
perivitelline space

50
Q

the nucleus of the oocyte moves toward the __ as the result of the action of ___ molecules acting on a network of ___ that connect one pole of the ___ to the cortex

A

cortex;
myosin;
actin filaments;
mitotic spindle

51
Q

a ___, derived largely from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the egg, forms around the female chromosomal material

A

pronuclear membrane;

52
Q

____ seem to control the growth of the female and the male pronuclei

A

cytoplasmic factors

53
Q

pronuclei appear ___ hours after sperm penetration, and they persist for about ____ hours

A

6 to 8;
10 to 12

54
Q

___ occurs in the developing __ pronuclei, and each chromosome forms ___ as the pronuclei approach each other

A

DNA replication;
haploid;
two chromatids

55
Q

Parthenogenesis came from Greek words, parthenos which means “__” and genesis meaning “__”

A

virgin;
birth

56
Q

natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization

A

Parthenogenesis

57
Q

___ is when an ovum is activated in the absence of sperm

A

parthenogenesis

58
Q

in ___, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell while in ___, parthenogenesis is a component process of apomixis

A

animals;
plants

59
Q

asexual seed formation

A

apomixis

60
Q

it is one in which the egg cell is produced through mitosis then develops directly into an embryo without the prior fertilization

A

apomictic parthenogenesis

61
Q

this type of reproduction has been induced artificially in a few species including fish and amphibians

A

parthenogenesis

62
Q

haploid individuals, however, are usually __, and ___ usually have the diploid chromosome number

A

non-viable;
parthenogenetic offspring

63
Q

depending on the mechanism involved in restoring the diploid number of chromosomes, parthenogenetic offspring may have anywhere between all and __ of the mother’s __

A

half; alleles

64
Q

the offspring having all of the mother’s genetic material are called ___ and those having only half are called __

A

full clones;
half clones

65
Q

these offsprings are usually formed without meiosis

A

full clones

66
Q

women who do not ovulate

A

anovulatory

67
Q

a nonsteroidal antiestrogen that suppresses the normal negative feedback by estrogens on gonadotropin production by the ptiuitary

A

clomiphene citrate

68
Q

too few spermatozoa

A

oligospermia

69
Q

the method of ___ has resulted in slightly higher percentage of pregnancies than the standard in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer methods

A

gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

70
Q

in this variant, a cleaving embryo that has been produced by in vitro fertilization is implanted into the uterine tube

A

zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

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