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Dev Bio > C2: Genetic Background > Flashcards

C2: Genetic Background Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

slender material inside the nucleus, usually found as colored bodies during cell division.

A

Chromosome

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2
Q

Each chromosome is composed of ___ which separate during cell division

A

sister chromatids

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3
Q

chromosomes has a __ or primary constriction (“waist line”), where the kinetochore proteins are attached

A

centromere

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4
Q

____ is the sight of attachment of spindle fibers. The tip of the chromosome arm, needed for chromosome stability, is called ___

A

Kinetochore; telomeres

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5
Q

Chromosomes are classified into types based on the position of the centromere: 4

A

Metacentric
Sub-metacentric
Acrocentric
Telocentric

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6
Q

centromere is at the middle part of the chromosome

A

Metacentric

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7
Q

centromere is sub-median; (near the middle); long-up & shortdown

A

Sub-metacentric

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8
Q

centromere is at the subterminal portion; (3/4 at tip of chromosome); short-up & long-down

A

Acrocentric

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9
Q

centromere is at the terminal end of the chromosome

A

Telocentric

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10
Q

– complete set of chromosomes coming from either parent

A

Genome

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11
Q

When cells divide, they go through an orderly series of events known as the
____.

A

cell cycle

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12
Q

cell cycle is usually divided into ___ and ___

A

interphase, mitosis

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13
Q

It enables a multicellular organism to grow and reach the adult size, replaces worn-out or damaged cells, and keeps the total number of cells in an adult organism relatively constant.

A

Cell division

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14
Q

The Key Roles of Cell Division (4)

A

-unicellular organisms reproduce by cell division
-necessary for the repair and renewal of the worn-out tissues
-for the formation of new cells
-for cell growth, development and tissue differentiation

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15
Q

An organism’s complete complement of genetic material is called its ___

A

genome

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16
Q

replication and distribution of so much DNA is manageable because the
DNA molecules are packaged into ___

A

chromosomes

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17
Q

The series of stages in the life of the cell is referred to as the ___

A

cell cycle.

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18
Q

referred to as the “preparatory stage”; the longest phase; lasts for at least 90% of the total time

A

Interphase

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19
Q

sub-phases of interphase: 3

A

G1 phase (first growth phase)
S phase (DNA synthesis)
G2 phase (second growth phase)

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20
Q

grow in size; cell increases in volume
• cell is preparing the chemicals necessary for DNA synthesis
• ER, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria and chloroplast are formed

A

G1 phase

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21
Q

in this sub-phase of interphase:
• each of the chromosomes is replicated by the cell
• DNA synthesis or replication occurs

A

S phase (DNA synthesis)

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22
Q

-double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error;
-active synthesis of RNA and protein;
-formation of mitotic spindle occurs;
-doubled chromatin fiber folds to form a chromosome

A

G2 phase (second growth phase)

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23
Q

period of nuclear division and cytokinesis .

A

M-phase (Mitotic phase)

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24
Q

series of events wherein each cell divides to form to new daughter cells which are exactly identical to the mother cell

A

Mitosis

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25
Q

division of the nucleus, with its contents (duplicated chromosomes: 2n), into two identical nuclei
▪ occurs in body or somatic cell

A

mitosis

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26
Q

What events take place in Prophase (mitosis)? (5)

A

-Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense, become visible in microscope
-Chromosomes are thickened and become shortened
-Centrioles begin moving to the opposite ends of the cell
-Fibers extend from the centromeres
-Nucleoli and nuclear membrane completely disappear

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27
Q

What events take place in Metaphase (mitosis)?
(4)

A

-chromosomes move along the middle of the cell
-Centrioles reached the opposite end
-Chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers, move toward equator
-Chromosomes tightly coiled and discrete, very condensed

28
Q

What events take place in Anaphase (mitosis)?
(2)

A

-Early anaphase: centromeres are duplicated and start moving apart; sister chromatids start separating
-Late anaphase: two identical sets of chromosomes move toward the opposite poles, spindle begine to disappear

29
Q

What events take place in Telophase (mitosis)?(4)

A

-Chromatids arrive at the opposite poles
-enclosed in a nuclear membrane from their respective poles
-Chromosomes begin to thin out, uncoil, and no longer visible
-Spindle fibers disperse and cytokinesis may also begin

30
Q

this division of cytoplasm usually follows mitosis.

A

cytokinesis

31
Q

In plant tissues – the cytoplasm is divided via ____ where separation starts from the inside of the cell towards the periphery (in-out).

A

cell plate formation

32
Q

In animal tissues - cell cytokinesis occurs via ___ starting from the periphery(out-in).

A

furrowing or cleavage formation

33
Q

a.k.a resting phase; not actively preparing to divide

A

G0 phase

34
Q

process by which gametes are generated for reproduction

A

Meiosis

35
Q

occurs during gametogenesis; chromosome number turns to half (n)

A

Meiosis

36
Q

this meiosis involves the separation of homologous chromosomes resulting in two cells with haploid (n) chromosome number

A

Meiosis I or reductional division

37
Q

this meiosis happens when the two haploid cells proceed to the second division involving only the separation of chromatids producing four haploid cells

A

Meiosis II or equational division

38
Q

begins after the G2 phase

A

Meiosis I

39
Q

Substages of phrophase 1: (5)

A

Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

40
Q

This substage in Phrophase 1 is where synapsis occur, forming bivalents

A

zygotene

41
Q

This substage in Phrophase 1 is where crossing over happens

A

Pachytene

42
Q

What happens in Metaphase 1? (2)

A

-bivalents align at the metaphase/equatorial plane
-Centromeres attached to the spindle fibers

43
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1? (1)

A

Univalents in each bivalent separate from each other

44
Q

What happens in Telophase 1? (1)

A

-Chromosomes regroup and their coiled structures begin to relax

45
Q

In some species, no cytokinesis happens after Meiosis I. a
brief transitional stage called ___ occurs before the cell proceeds to the next stage.

A

interkinesis

46
Q

meiosis II starts with __ cells

A

haploid

47
Q

what is the product at the end of meiosis II?

A

formation of four (4) haploid daughter cells, each having only one chromosome of each homologous pair

48
Q

The sequential events of the cell are directed by a distinct ___ which is similar to a clock; like a check-point

A

cell cycle control system,

49
Q

Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control:

A

cyclins
cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

50
Q

each somatic cell nucleus has the same chromosomes—and therefore the same set of genes—as all other somatic cell nuclei. This is known as ____

A

genomic equivalence.

51
Q

what factors could elad to differential gene expression? (3)

A

-regulatory mechanisms targeting DNA access, -RNA production and processing,
- protein synthesis and modification

52
Q

is a process in which based on the unique
combination of genes that are active, or “expressed”, cells become different from one another.

A

Differential Gene Expression

53
Q

is a process by which cells become specialized and take on specific roles in an organism.

A

Differential Gene Expression

54
Q

gene expression can be regulated at four levels

A

Level 1: Differential gene transcription
Level 2: Selective pre-messenger RNA processing
Level 3: Selective messenger RNA translation
Level 4: Differential posttranslational protein modification

55
Q

regulates which of the nuclear genes are transcribed into pre-messenger RNA.

A

Level 1: Differential gene transcription

56
Q

regulates which parts of the transcribed RNAs are able to enter the cytoplasm and become messenger RNAs.

A

Level 2: Selective pre-messenger RNA processing

57
Q

regulates which of the mRNAs in the cytoplasm are translated into proteins.

A

Level 3: Selective messenger RNA translation

58
Q

regulates which proteins are allowed to remain and/or function in the cell.

A

Level 4: Differential posttranslational protein modification

59
Q

sequence of events that enables the use and transfer of information to make the proteins of a cell

A

Central Dogma

60
Q

Proteins are not made directly from DNA, however; rather, the sequence of DNA bases is first copied, or transcribed, into a single-stranded polymer of similar molecules called _____, more commonly known as ___.

A

heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleic acids (hnRNA); pre-mRNA

61
Q

process of copying DNA into RNA;

A

Transcription

62
Q

RNA produced from a given gene is often referred to as a __

A

transcript

63
Q

the pre-mRNA strand will undergo processing to excise the noncoding domains and protect the ends of the strand to yield a ___ molecule

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

64
Q

is transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it can interact with a ribosome and present its message for the synthesis of a specific protein; it also unveils the complementary sequence of DNA three bases at a time

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

65
Q

leads to the synthesis of a polypeptide chain that will undergo protein folding and potential modification by the addition of various functional moieties, such as carbohydrates, phosphates, or cholesterol groups

A

Translation

Dev Bio (5 decks)

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