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Year 11 Chemistry GCSE > C4 - Chemical Changes > Flashcards

C4 - Chemical Changes Flashcards

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1
Q

how are acids made

A

when gases dissolve in water

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2
Q

what do acids produce when we add water

A

hydrogen

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3
Q

what do alkalis produce when we add water

A

hydroxide

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4
Q

what is a neutralisation reaction

A

a reaction between the hydrogen ions in an acid and the hydroxide ions in an alkali

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5
Q

what is pH

A

the measure of the concentration of the hydrogen atoms

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6
Q

on the pH scale what numbers are strong acids

A

0-1

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7
Q

on the pH scale what number are weak acids

A

2-5

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8
Q

on the pH scale what number are neutral

A

6-7

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9
Q

on the pH scale what numbers are weak alkali

A

8-12

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10
Q

on the pH scale what numbers are strong alkalis

A

13-14

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11
Q

what is acid strength

A

A measure of the degree of ionization of acid molecules in aqueous solution.

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12
Q

what do strong acids do

A

fully ionize

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13
Q

what do weak acids do

A

only partially ionize

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14
Q

what is acid concentration

A

A measure of the amount of acid molecules (mol) dissolved per unit volume (dm3) of water.

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15
Q

what can you do to increase the concentration of an acid

A
  • removing water
  • adding acid molecues
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16
Q

in a diagram what does a strong concentrated acid incude

A
  • lots of acids
  • lot of hydrogen
  • little water
17
Q

in a diagram what does a weak concentrated acid include

A
  • little water
  • little hydrogen
  • lots of acid
18
Q

in a diagram what does a strong dilute acid include

A
  • lots of water
  • very little acid
  • few hydrogen
19
Q

in a diagram what does a weak dilute acid include

A
  • lots of water
  • little acid
  • few hydrogen
20
Q

what experiments/practicals can compare strong and weak acids

A
  1. measuring the pH
  2. colour with universal indicator
  3. reaction with magnesium
  4. reaction with sodium carbonate
  5. conductivity
21
Q

what is the order for the reactivity series in order from most reactive to least

A

most reactive:
- potassium
- sodium
- lithium
- calcium
- magnesium
- aluminium
- carbon
- zinc
- iron
- hydrogen
- copper
- silver
- gold

22
Q

how can aluminium be extracted

A

electrolysis

23
Q

how can zinc be extracted

A

smelting

24
Q

what is oxidation

A

gain of oxygen / loss of electrons

25
Q

what is reduction

A

loss of oxyge / gain of electrons

26
Q

what is an ore

A

a material (rock) contaning enough metal to make it economical to extract

27
Q

what is a displacement reaction

A

when a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compounds

28
Q

what is a salt

A

a compound formed when hydrogen in an acid, is completely or partially replaced by a metal

29
Q

what is the salt name for hydrochloric

A

metal chloride

30
Q

what is the salt name for sulfuric

A

metal sulfate

31
Q

what is the salt name for nitric

A

metal nitrate

32
Q

describe a method to make pure, dry crystals of copper sulfate

A
  1. add copper oxide to sulfuric acid in excess to use up all of the acid
  2. warm gently to speed up rate of reaction
  3. filter to remove excess copper oxide
  4. heat to reduce volume of solution by half
  5. leave to evaporate at room temp
33
Q

describe how metals are extracted from low-grade ores using phytomining

A
  1. plants grow on soil containing ore
  2. plants take in metal compound through roots
  3. plants harvested and burnt
  4. metal is extracted from ash using electrolysis or displacement
34
Q

describe how metals are extracted from low-grade ores using bioleaching

A
  1. bacteria feed on metal ions in ore to create a solution (leachate)
  2. metal is extracted from leachate using electrolysis or displacement
35
Q

what is an inderpendant variable

A

a variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

36
Q

what is a dependant variable

A

what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment

37
Q

what is a control variable

A

an experimental condition or element that is kept the same throughout the experiment

Year 11 Chemistry GCSE (11 decks)

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